Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 8
In consequence of modern rationalism there is a tendency on the part of a considerable number of the Tinguian to consider these tales purely as stories and the characters as fictitious, but the mass of the people hold them to be true and speak of the actors as "the people who lived in the first times."
由于现代理性主义的影响，相当一部分廷吉安人倾向于将这些故事纯粹视为虚构的传说，其中的人物也不过是虚构的角色，但大多数人仍认为这些故事是真实的，并将故事中的人物称为"生活在最初时代的人们"。
For the present we shall take their point of view and shall try to reconstruct the life in "the first times" as it appears in the tales.
目前，我们将采用他们的观点，并尝试根据这些故事中所呈现的内容，重构"最初时代"的生活面貌。
The principal actors live in Kadalayapan and Kaodanan, [6] towns which our chief story teller--when trying to explain the desire of Kanag to go down and get fruit--assures us were somewhere in the air, above the earth (p. 141).
主要人物生活在卡达拉雅潘和卡奥达南，[6] 我们的主要讲述者——在试图解释卡纳格下去摘果子的愿望时——告诉我们，这两个城镇位于空中某处，在大地之上（第141页）。
[7] At other times these places are referred to as Sudipan--the term by which spirits are supposed to call the present earth--while the actors are referred to as Ipogau--the spirit name for Tinguian.
[7] 在其他时候，这些地方被称为苏迪潘——据说是灵魂对现实大地的称呼——而故事中的人物则被称为伊波高——灵魂对廷吉安人的称呼。
Whatever its location it was a place much like the present home of this people.
无论其位置在何处，那都是一个与这个民族现今家园极为相似的地方。
The sky, the chief abode of spirits and celestial bodies, was above the land, and the heroes of the tales are pictured as ascending to visit the upper realms.
天空是灵魂和天体的主要居所，位于大地之上，故事中的英雄们被描绘为升往天界进行探访。
The trees, plants, and animals were for the most part those known to-day.
树木、植物和动物大多是今日所熟知的种类。
The ocean appears to have been well known, while mention is made of some places in Luzon, such as Dagopan and San Fernando in Pangasinan with which the people of to-day are not at all familiar (p.
海洋似乎是人们所熟悉的，而故事中也提到了吕宋岛上的一些地方，例如邦阿西楠省的达戈潘和圣费尔南多，这些地方对今日的人们来说却全然陌生（第
Vocabulary
- 由于
- yóuyú — due to; because of; owing to a reason
- 现代
- xiàndài — modern times; contemporary era
- 的
- de — structural particle indicating possession or modification
- 影响
- yǐngxiǎng — influence; effect on something or someone
- 相当
- xiāngdāng — quite; considerably; fairly significant in degree
- 一部分
- yī bùfen — a portion; a part of a whole
- 倾向于
- qīngxiàng yú — tend to; be inclined toward a certain view
- 将
- jiāng — particle marking object before verb; will
- 这些
- zhèxiē — these; referring to multiple nearby things
- 故事
- gùshi — story; tale; narrative account
- 纯粹
- chúncuì — purely; entirely; without any mixture
- 视为
- shì wéi — regard as; consider to be something
- 虚构
- xūgòu — fictional; fabricated; not based on reality
- 传说
- chuánshuō — legend; myth; traditional story passed down
- 其中
- qízhōng — among them; within that; therein
- 人物
- rénwù — character; figure; person in a story
- 也
- yě — also; too; as well
- 不过
- búguò — merely; only; just; no more than
- 是
- shì — to be; is; am; are
- 角色
- juésè — role; character played in a story
- 但
- dàn — but; however; yet; nevertheless
- 大多数
- dàduōshù — the majority; most of a group
- 人
- rén — person; people; human being
- 仍
- réng — still; yet; continuing as before
- 认为
- rènwéi — to think; to believe; to consider
- 真实
- zhēnshí — real; true; authentic; genuine
- 并
- bìng — and; furthermore; also in addition
- 中
- zhōng — in; within; among; middle
- 称为
- chēng wéi — called; referred to as; named
- 生活
- shēnghuó — life; to live; daily existence
- 在
- zài — at; in; located at a place
- 最初
- zuìchū — at first; originally; in the beginning
- 时代
- shídài — era; age; period of time
- 人们
- rénmen — people; folks; human beings in general
- 目前
- mùqián — currently; at present; right now
- 我们
- wǒmen — we; us; our group
- 采用
- cǎiyòng — to adopt; to use; to employ an approach
- 他们
- tāmen — they; them; those people
- 观点
- guāndiǎn — viewpoint; perspective; point of view
- 尝试
- chángshì — to attempt; to try; to make an effort
- 根据
- gēnjù — based on; according to; on the basis of
- 所
- suǒ — particle used before verbs in formal structures
- 呈现
- chéngxiàn — to present; to display; to show content
- 内容
- nèiróng — content; substance; material presented
- 面貌
- miànmào — appearance; look; overall picture or state
- 主要
- zhǔyào — main; primary; most important
- 和
- hé — and; together with; plus
- 讲述者
- jiǎngshùzhě — narrator; storyteller; one who tells stories
- 试图
- shìtú — to try to; to attempt; to endeavor to
- 解释
- jiěshì — to explain; to interpret; to clarify meaning
- 下去
- xiàqù — to go down; to continue downward; descend
- 摘
- zhāi — to pick; to pluck fruit or flowers
- 果子
- guǒzi — fruit; the edible product of a plant
- 愿望
- yuànwàng — wish; desire; aspiration; longing for something
- 时
- shí — when; at the time of; during
- 告诉
- gàosù — to tell; to inform; to let know
- 这
- zhè — this; referring to something nearby
- 两个
- liǎng gè — two; a pair of; both items
- 城镇
- chéngzhèn — town; small city; urban settlement
- 位于
- wèiyú — located at; situated in a place
- 空中
- kōngzhōng — in the sky; in the air; above ground
- 某处
- mǒuchù — somewhere; some unspecified location
- 大地
- dàdì — the earth; the ground; land
- 之上
- zhī shàng — above; on top of; over something
- 第
- dì — ordinal prefix indicating order or rank
- 页
- yè — page; leaf of a book
- 其他
- qítā — other; else; remaining ones
- 时候
- shíhou — time; moment; period when something occurs
- 地方
- dìfang — place; location; area; region
- 被
- bèi — passive marker; indicates action done to subject
- 据说
- jùshuō — it is said; reportedly; allegedly
- 灵魂
- línghún — soul; spirit; the spiritual essence of beings
- 对
- duì — toward; regarding; with respect to
- 现实
- xiànshí — reality; the real world; actual existence
- 称呼
- chēnghu — to call; to address; a form of address
- 而
- ér — while; yet; and; connecting contrasting clauses
- 则
- zé — then; in contrast; on the other hand
- 无论
- wúlùn — regardless of; no matter; whatever the case
- 其
- qí — its; their; his/her (formal/literary pronoun)
- 位置
- wèizhi — position; location; place where something is
- 何处
- héchù — where; what place; whichever location
- 那
- nà — that; referring to something distant
- 都是
- dōu shì — all are; everything is; in every case
- 一个
- yī gè — one; a single item or entity
- 与
- yǔ — with; and; together with (formal)
- 这个
- zhège — this; this particular one
- 民族
- mínzú — ethnic group; nationality; people
- 现今
- xiànjīn — nowadays; at present; in current times
- 家园
- jiāyuán — homeland; home; place one calls home
- 极为
- jí wéi — extremely; highly; to a great degree
- 相似
- xiāngsì — similar; resembling; alike in appearance
- 天空
- tiānkōng — sky; the heavens; open aerial expanse
- 居所
- jūsuǒ — dwelling; residence; place where one lives
- 英雄们
- yīngxióngmen — heroes; multiple heroic figures or characters
- 描绘
- miáohuì — to depict; to portray; to describe vividly
- 为
- wéi — as; to be; serve as (formal usage)
- 进行
- jìnxíng — to carry out; to conduct; to undertake
- 探访
- tànfǎng — to visit; to explore; to go and see
- 树木
- shùmù — trees; woody plants collectively
- 植物
- zhíwù — plant; vegetation; flora
- 动物
- dòngwù — animal; creature; living organism
- 大多
- dàduō — mostly; for the most part; generally
- 今日
- jīnrì — today; the present day; nowadays
- 熟知
- shúzhī — well-known; familiar; widely recognized
- 种类
- zhǒnglèi — type; kind; category; variety of things
- 海洋
- hǎiyáng — ocean; sea; large body of water
- 似乎
- sìhū — seems; appears to be; as if
- 熟悉
- shúxī — familiar with; well acquainted; knowing well
- 提到
- tí dào — to mention; to bring up; to refer to
- 了
- le — particle indicating completed action or change
- 上
- shàng — on; above; on top of; upper
- 一些
- yīxiē — some; a few; certain number of things
- 例如
- lìrú — for example; for instance; such as
- 来说
- lái shuō — speaking from a perspective; in terms of
- 却
- què — yet; but; however; on the contrary
- 全然
- quánrán — completely; entirely; utterly; totally
- 陌生
- mòshēng — unfamiliar; strange; not known before
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