Walden, and On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience — Page 1

Vocabulary

e

Conjunction meaning 'and'

SUL

Contraction of 'su il', meaning 'on the'

DOVERE

Duty, obligation; also modal verb 'must'

DELLA

Contraction of 'di la', meaning 'of the'

DISOBBEDIENZA

Disobedience, refusal to follow rules or authority

CIVILE

Civil, relating to citizens or society

di

Preposition meaning 'of' or 'from'

Indice

Index, table of contents of a book

Economia

Economy, management of resources and finances

Dove

Where, indicating a place or location

vissi

Past tense of 'vivere': 'I lived'

per

Preposition meaning 'for', 'through', or 'by'

cosa

Thing; also used as 'what' in questions

Lettura

Reading, the act of reading a text

Suoni

Sounds, plural of 'suono'

Solitudine

Solitude, state of being alone and isolated

Visitatori

Visitors, people who come to visit a place

Il

Definite article 'the' for masculine singular nouns

campo

Field, open land used for agriculture or sport

fagioli

Beans, common legume used in Italian cooking

villaggio

Village, small rural community or settlement

Gli

Definite article 'the' for masculine plural nouns

stagni

Ponds, small bodies of still water

La

Definite article 'the' for feminine singular nouns

fattoria

Farm, property used for agricultural production

Leggi

Laws, rules established by authority; also 'you read'

superiori

Higher, superior, above others in rank or quality

Vicini

Neighbors, people living nearby

selvaggi

Wild, savage; uncivilized people or animals

riscaldamento

Heating, the process of warming a space

della

Contraction of 'di la', meaning 'of the'

casa

House, home, place where one lives

Antichi

Ancient, old, from a distant past time

abitanti

Inhabitants, people who live in a place

visitatori

Visitors, guests who come to see a place

invernali

Wintry, relating to or occurring in winter

Animali

Animals, living creatures other than humans

Lo

Definite article 'the' for masculine nouns starting with specific consonants

stagno

Pond, small body of still fresh water

in

Preposition meaning 'in' or 'into'

inverno

Winter, coldest season of the year

Primavera

Spring, season after winter with blooming nature

Conclusione

Conclusion, final part or ending of something

Non

Negation word meaning 'not'

mi

Reflexive or indirect pronoun meaning 'me' or 'myself'

propongo

First person singular of 'proporsi': 'I intend'

scrivere

To write, the infinitive of the writing verb

un'

Indefinite article 'a/an' before feminine vowel-starting noun

ode

Ode, lyric poem expressing praise or admiration

alla

Contraction of 'a la', meaning 'to the'

malinconia

Melancholy, deep sadness or pensive sorrow

ma

Conjunction meaning 'but', introducing a contrast

vantarmi

To boast about myself, to brag

con

Preposition meaning 'with'

tanta

So much, such a great amount of something

vigoria

Vigor, energy, strength and vitality

quanto

As much as, how much, indicating comparison or quantity

il

Definite article 'the' for masculine singular nouns

gallo

Rooster, male chicken known for morning crowing

al

Contraction of 'a il', meaning 'at the' or 'to the'

mattino

Morning, the early part of the day

piedi

Feet, lower extremities of the body; also 'feet' unit

sul

Contraction of 'su il', meaning 'on the'

suo

His, her, its; possessive adjective or pronoun

posatoio

Perch, rod or branch where a bird rests

se

If, conditional conjunction; also reflexive pronoun

non

Not, negation word used in Italian sentences

altro

Other, another, something or someone different

svegliare

To wake up, to rouse someone from sleep

i

Definite article 'the' for masculine plural nouns

miei

My, possessive adjective for masculine plural nouns

vicini

Neighbors, people living close by

Quando

When, temporal conjunction or adverb

scrissi

Past tense of 'scrivere': 'I wrote'

le

Definite article 'the' for feminine plural nouns

pagine

Pages, sheets of paper in a book or document

seguenti

Following, the ones that come after

o

Or, disjunctive conjunction presenting alternatives

meglio

Better, comparative adverb of 'bene'

la

Definite article 'the' for feminine singular nouns

maggior

Greater, larger; shortened form of 'maggiore'

parte

Part, portion of a whole thing

esse

They, third person plural feminine pronoun

vivevo

Imperfect tense of 'vivere': 'I was living'

solo

Alone, by oneself; also 'only'

nei

Contraction of 'in i', meaning 'in the' plural

boschi

Woods, forests, wooded areas with trees

a

Preposition meaning 'at', 'to', or 'in'

un

Indefinite article 'a/an' for masculine singular nouns

miglio

Mile, unit of distance measurement

da

Preposition meaning 'from', 'by', or 'since'

qualsiasi

Any, whichever, regardless of which one

vicino

Neighbor; also adjective meaning 'near' or 'close'

una

Indefinite article 'a/an' for feminine singular nouns

che

That, which, who; relative pronoun or conjunction

avevo

Imperfect of 'avere': 'I had'

costruito

Built, past participle of 'costruire'

io

I, first person singular subject pronoun

stesso

Same, himself/myself; used for emphasis

sulla

Contraction of 'su la', meaning 'on the'

riva

Shore, bank, edge of a lake or river

del

Contraction of 'di il', meaning 'of the'

lago

Lake, large body of fresh water

nel

Contraction of 'in il', meaning 'in the'

guadagnavo

Imperfect of 'guadagnare': 'I was earning'

vivere

To live, to exist; also used as noun meaning 'living'

unicamente

Solely, only, exclusively without anything else

lavoro

Work, labor, employment or a specific job

delle

Contraction of 'di le', meaning 'of the' plural feminine

mie

My, possessive adjective for feminine plural nouns

mani

Hands, the body parts at the end of arms

Vi

There; also second person plural pronoun 'you'

due

Two, the number 2

anni

Years, plural of 'anno'

mesi

Months, plural of 'mese'

Al

Contraction of 'a il', meaning 'at the' or 'to the'

momento

Moment, a brief period of time

sono

Present of 'essere': 'I am' or 'they are'

nuovo

New, recently made or not previously known

ospite

Guest or host; person visiting or welcoming others

temporaneo

Temporary, lasting only for a limited time

nella

Contraction of 'in la', meaning 'in the'

vita

Life, the existence of a living being

civilizzata

Civilized, developed and organized according to social norms

imporrei

Conditional of 'imporre': 'I would impose'

tanto

So much, a great deal, such a large amount

affari

Affairs, matters, business dealings

all'

Contraction of 'a la' before vowel: 'to the'

attenzione

Attention, the act of focusing one's mind on something

dei

Contraction of 'di i', meaning 'of the' masculine plural

lettori

Readers, people who read books or texts

compaesani

Fellow countrymen, people from the same town or region

avessero

Subjunctive imperfect of 'avere': 'they had'

rivolto

Past participle of 'rivolgere': directed or addressed

domande

Questions, requests for information or answers

assai

Very, quite, considerably; old-fashioned intensifier

precise

Precise, exact, specific and clearly defined

riguardo

Regarding, concerning, with respect to something

mio

My, possessive adjective for masculine singular nouns

modo

Way, manner, method of doing something

alcuni

Some, a few, certain unspecified individuals

definirebbero

Conditional of 'definire': 'they would define'

impertinenti

Impertinent, rude, not showing proper respect

sebbene

Although, even though; concessive conjunction

me

Me, first person singular stressed pronoun

sembrino

Subjunctive present of 'sembrare': 'they seem'

affatto

At all, not at all; used for emphasis in negation

considerate

Considered, thoughtful; past participle of 'considerare'

circostanze

Circumstances, conditions surrounding an event or situation

molto

Very, much, a great deal of something

naturali

Natural, existing in or caused by nature

pertinenti

Pertinent, relevant, directly related to the matter

Alcuni

Some, a few; indefinite pronoun or adjective

hanno

Present of 'avere': 'they have'

chiesto

Past participle of 'chiedere': asked or requested

mangiassi

Subjunctive imperfect of 'mangiare': 'I ate'

sentissi

Subjunctive imperfect of 'sentire': 'I felt/heard'

avessi

Subjunctive imperfect of 'avere': 'I had'

paura

Fear, the feeling of being afraid of something

cose

Things, plural of 'cosa', objects or matters

simili

Similar, like, of the same kind or nature