A Modest Proposal: For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland, from being a burden on their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the publick — Page 3

Vocabulary

quá

quá — too, excessively, beyond a normal degree

phổ

phổ — common, widespread, general (used in compounds)

biến

biến — to change, transform; spread widely

trong

trong — in, inside, within a place or time

chúng

chúng — we, they; plural pronoun for a group

ta

ta — we, us; informal first-person plural pronoun

hy

hy — sacrifice, hope (used in compound words)

sinh

sinh — life, to be born, to live

những

những — plural marker for nouns, indicating several things

đứa

đứa — classifier for children or young individuals

trẻ

trẻ — young, child; referring to youth or children

vô

vô — without, lacking; prefix meaning absence of something

tội

tội — sin, guilt, crime; innocent when combined with vô

đáng

đáng — worthy of, deserving, merit a certain treatment

thương

thương — to pity, feel sorry for; sympathetic compassion

tôi

tôi — I, me; formal first-person singular pronoun

ngờ

ngờ — to suspect, doubt, have a vague belief

rằng

rằng — that; conjunction introducing a reported clause

phần

phần — part, portion, share of a whole

nhiều

nhiều — many, much, a large quantity of something

là

là — to be; linking verb connecting subject and predicate

để

để — in order to, for the purpose of doing

tránh

tránh — to avoid, evade, steer clear of something

chi

chi — expense, cost; to spend or disburse money

phí

phí — fee, cost, expense; wasted resources or money

hơn

hơn — more than, greater than; comparative particle

sự

sự — nominalizer prefix turning verbs into abstract nouns

xấu

xấu — bad, ugly, shameful in appearance or character

hổ

hổ — shame, embarrassment; to feel ashamed

điều

điều — thing, matter, issue; abstract concept or point

này

này — this; demonstrative pronoun pointing to nearby thing

sẽ

sẽ — will; future tense marker in Vietnamese

gây

gây — to cause, bring about, provoke a result

ra

ra — out, outward; directional particle away from speaker

nước

nước — water; country, nation; liquid in general

mắt

mắt — eye; nước mắt means tears

và

và — and; coordinating conjunction linking elements together

lòng

lòng — heart, mind, inner feelings, compassion

xót

xót — to feel pity, ache with sympathy for someone

ngay

ngay — right, immediately, even; straightforward or direct

cả

cả — even, all, whole; inclusive particle for emphasis

trái

trái — heart (trái tim); also fruit or left side

tim

tim — heart; the organ or seat of emotion

tàn

tàn — cruel, ruthless, brutal; remnant or fading

bạo

bạo — violent, brutal, savage in behavior

nhân

nhân — human, person; humanity, kindness

tính

tính — nature, character; to calculate or reckon

nhất

nhất — most; superlative marker in Vietnamese

Số

Số — number, figure, quantity, numerical value

linh

linh — soul, spirit; spiritual or supernatural essence

hồn

hồn — soul, spirit of a person; linh hồn means soul

vương

vương — kingdom, royal; king or sovereign ruler

quốc

quốc — country, nation; used in compound national terms

thường

thường — usually, normally, commonly, often occurring

được

được — to be able to, to get; passive/ability marker

một

một — one; the number one or a single item

triệu

triệu — million; one million units of something

rưỡi

rưỡi — and a half; used after numbers for half unit

số

số — number, figure; fate or destiny

đó

đó — that, those; demonstrative pronoun for distant things

ước

ước — to estimate, wish, approximately calculate

có

có — to have, exist, there is or are

khoảng

khoảng — approximately, about, roughly a certain amount

hai

hai — two; the number two

trăm

trăm — hundred; one hundred units

nghìn

nghìn — thousand; one thousand units

cặp

cặp — couple, pair; two matching items together

vợ

vợ — wife; female spouse in a marriage

chồng

chồng — husband; male spouse in a marriage

mà

mà — but, yet, whereas; contrastive or relative particle

người

người — person, people; classifier for human beings

sản

sản — to give birth, produce; related to childbirth

từ

từ — from, since; preposition indicating origin or time

con

con — child, offspring; classifier for animals and some nouns

trừ

trừ — to subtract, minus, exclude from a total

đi

đi — to go; directional particle indicating movement away

ba

ba — three; the number three

mươi

mươi — tens unit in numbers, as in thirty, forty

khả

khả — possible, capable; ability or potential

năng

năng — ability, capability, talent, capacity to do

nuôi

nuôi — to raise, feed, support, nurture a child

dưỡng

dưỡng — to nourish, care for, sustain over time

cái

cái — classifier for inanimate objects; the, this thing

của

của — of, belonging to; possessive particle in Vietnamese

họ

họ — they, them; third-person plural pronoun

mặc

mặc — although, despite; concessive conjunction

dù

dù — although, even though; concessive conjunction

e

e — to fear, worry; I (humble, shy first-person)

không

không — not, no; negation particle in Vietnamese

thể

thể — can, able to; modal particle for ability

như

như — like, as, such as; comparative particle

vậy

vậy — so, thus, like that; anaphoric reference particle

tình

tình — situation, feeling, love; emotional state or circumstance

cảnh

cảnh — scene, situation, circumstances of a condition

khốn

khốn — miserable, wretched, in desperate difficulty

khó

khó — difficult, hard; struggling with hardship

hiện

hiện — current, present, now; existing at this time

tại

tại — at, in; present location or current time

nhưng

nhưng — but, however; adversative conjunction showing contrast

nếu

nếu — if; conditional conjunction introducing a hypothesis

chấp

chấp — to accept, allow, tolerate a condition

nhận

nhận — to receive, accept, recognize something offered

còn

còn — still, remaining, yet; continuative particle

lại

lại — again, remaining, back; directional or repetitive particle

bảy

bảy — seven; the number seven

Tôi

Tôi — I, me; formal first-person singular pronoun

năm

năm — year; five; the number five or a year

cho

cho — for, to give; preposition indicating recipient or purpose

phụ

phụ — female, auxiliary; assistant or supporting role

nữ

nữ — woman, female; feminine gender

bị

bị — passive marker indicating unfavorable action suffered

sảy

sảy — to miscarry; lose a pregnancy unintentionally

thai

thai — fetus, pregnancy; unborn child in womb

hoặc

hoặc — or; disjunctive conjunction presenting alternatives

chết

chết — to die, dead; loss of life

vì

vì — because, for, due to; causal conjunction

tai

tai — ear; accident (tai nạn); disaster

nạn

nạn — accident, disaster, calamity, misfortune

bệnh

bệnh — illness, disease, sickness affecting health

tật

tật — disability, defect, chronic physical ailment

Chỉ

Chỉ — only, just, merely; limiting restrictive particle

các

các — plural article for nouns, indicating multiple items

bậc

bậc — level, rank; classifier for respected persons

cha

cha — father, dad; male parent

mẹ

mẹ — mother, mom; female parent

nghèo

nghèo — poor, impoverished, lacking financial resources

hàng

hàng — goods, row, line; each, every (used in compounds)

Vậy

Vậy — so, therefore, thus; transitional summary particle

thì

thì — then; conditional or temporal linking particle

câu

câu — sentence, question; classifier for phrases

hỏi

hỏi — to ask, question; inquiry seeking information

đặt

đặt — to place, pose, raise a question or object

Làm

Làm — to do, make, perform an action or task

thế

thế — way, manner, situation; how, like that

nào

nào — which, how, what; interrogative or selective particle

chu

chu — to provide for, support fully and adequately

cấp

cấp — to supply, provide, furnish necessities to someone

lượng

lượng — quantity, amount, volume of something measured

đã

đã — already, past tense marker indicating completed action

nói

nói — to speak, say, tell, express verbally

hình

hình — form, shape, image; appearance or figure

công

công — work, labor, public; effort or merit

việc

việc — work, job, task, matter to be done

hoàn

hoàn — complete, whole, fully finished

toàn

toàn — entirely, completely, wholly; total completeness

thực

thực — real, true, actual, genuine in nature

bằng

bằng — by means of, using, equal to; instrument marker

tất

tất — all, every, entire; tất cả means everything

phương

phương — direction, method, means; way of doing something

pháp

pháp — method, law, technique; way of approaching something

đề

đề — to propose, raise, put forward a suggestion

xuất

xuất — to export, produce, put out; arise or emerge

trước

trước — before, in front, previously; prior in time

đến

đến — to arrive at, reach, until; directional particle

nay

nay — now, today, the present time