Beyond Good and Evil — Page 8

Vocabulary

しかし

shikashi — Conjunction meaning 'however' or 'but'.

人間

ningen — Human being; humanity; person.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

根本

konpon — Root; foundation; fundamental basis of something.

的

teki — Suffix forming adjectives meaning '-ic' or '-al'.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

衝動

shōdō — Impulse; sudden urge or drive to act.

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating direct object.

考察

kōsatsu — Examination; careful consideration or investigation of something.

し

shi — Conjunctive form of suru, meaning 'do and...'.

それら

sorera — Those things; plural pronoun referring to previously mentioned items.

が

ga — Subject marker particle identifying the grammatical subject.

ここ

koko — Here; this place; the current location.

で

de — Particle indicating location of action or means.

どこ

doko — Where; which place; an interrogative of location.

まで

made — Until; up to; as far as a point.

霊感

reikan — Inspiration; spiritual inspiration or supernatural intuition.

与える

ataeru — To give; to provide; to grant something to someone.

精霊

seirei — Spirit; fairy; elemental spiritual being in nature.

として

toshite — As; in the capacity or role of something.

あるいは

arui wa — Or; alternatively; used to present another option.

悪魔

akuma — Devil; demon; evil supernatural being or spirit.

や

ya — Particle meaning 'and' listing non-exhaustive examples.

働い

hatarai — Conjunctive form of hataraku, meaning 'to work'.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential or simultaneous actions.

き

ki — Auxiliary verb kuru in conjunctive, indicating ongoing process.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb indicating completed action.

か

ka — Question particle; also expresses uncertainty or embedded question.

見極め

mikiwame — To ascertain; to determine or discern something clearly.

よう

yō — Volitional auxiliary expressing intention or invitation to act.

と

to — Quotation particle; also means 'and' or 'with'.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.

者

mono — Person; one who does something; individual agent.

は

wa — Topic marker particle indicating the sentence's topic.

すべて

subete — All; everything; every single one without exception.

何らか

naniraka — Some kind of; some sort of; a certain type.

形

katachi — Form; shape; manner or way of doing something.

哲学

tetsugaku — Philosophy; the academic discipline studying fundamental questions.

実践

jissen — Practice; putting ideas or theories into actual action.

こと

koto — Thing; nominalizer turning verbs into noun phrases.

そして

soshite — And then; furthermore; connecting sentences or ideas.

それぞれ

sorezore — Each; respectively; each one in their own way.

自ら

mizukara — Oneself; by oneself; personally without others' help.

存在

sonzai — Existence; being; the state of existing as something.

究極

kyūkyoku — Ultimate; final; the most extreme or fundamental point.

目的

mokuteki — Purpose; goal; objective one aims to achieve.

あり

ari — Conjunctive form of aru, meaning 'to exist/be'.

他

hoka — Other; others; different people or things besides oneself.

に対する

ni taisuru — Toward; with respect to; directed at something or someone.

正当

seitō — Legitimate; rightful; just and proper by accepted standards.

なる

naru — To become; attributive form linking adjective to noun.

支配者

shihaisha — Ruler; controller; one who dominates or governs others.

みなす

minasu — To regard as; to consider something to be something.

この

kono — This; demonstrative adjective referring to nearby thing.

上

ue — Above; top; also used in set phrases meaning 'utmost'.

なく

naku — Without; negative conjunctive form of nai.

喜ん

kokon — Conjunctive form of yorokobu, meaning 'to be pleased/glad'.

い

i — Conjunctive form of iru, indicating ongoing state.

あろう

arō — Volitional form of aru, expressing supposition or probability.

発見

hakken — Discovery; finding something previously unknown or unnoticed.

だろう

darō — Probably; expresses conjecture or probability about something.

なぜなら

nazenara — Because; the reason being; introducing an explanation.

あらゆる

arayuru — Every; all possible; each and every type of thing.

横暴

ōbō — Tyranny; arrogance; overbearing and unreasonable behavior or conduct.

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective referring to previously mentioned thing.

もの

mono — Thing; person; nominalizer with nuance of general reference.

しよう

shiyō — Volitional form of suru, expressing intent or attempt.

試みる

kokoromiru — To attempt; to try; to make an effort to do.

から

kara — Because; from; particle expressing reason or origin.

ある

aru — To exist; to be; used for inanimate things.

確か

tashika — Certain; sure; reliable; probably true or correct.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, purpose, or time.

学者

gakusha — Scholar; academic; a person of learning and expertise.

場合

baai — Case; situation; circumstance under which something occurs.

真

shin — True; genuine; real; authentic in nature or essence.

科学

kagaku — Science; systematic study of the natural world.

それ

sore — That; pronoun referring to something previously mentioned.

異なっ

kotonatte — Conjunctive form of kotonaru, meaning 'to differ/be different'.

いる

iru — To exist; to be; used for animate beings.

かも

kamo — Might; perhaps; expressing possibility or conjecture softly.

しれ

shire — Part of 'kamoshirenai', expressing possibility or uncertainty.

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; does not; is not; nonexistent.

もし

moshi — If; supposing; used to introduce a conditional statement.

そう

sō — So; that way; in that manner or condition.

望む

nozomu — To wish; to desire; to hope for something.

なら

nara — If; conditional particle expressing a supposition or condition.

より

yori — More; than; comparative particle or preposition of origin.

良い

yoi — Good; fine; favorable; of acceptable or high quality.

言っ

itte — Conjunctive form of iu, meaning 'to say/call'.

も

mo — Also; too; even; additive or inclusive particle.

よい

yoi — Good; it is fine; acceptable or permissible action.

そこ

soko — There; that place; the previously mentioned location or context.

本当

hontō — True; real; genuine; actual truth of a matter.

知識

chishiki — Knowledge; information; learning acquired through study or experience.

へ

e — Toward; directional particle indicating movement or orientation.

という

to iu — Called; known as; quotation structure defining or naming something.

一種

isshu — A kind of; a sort of; a certain type.

小さな

chīsana — Small; little; tiny in size or scale.

独立

dokuritsu — Independence; autonomy; being self-sufficient and free from control.

時計

tokei — Clock; watch; timepiece used to measure time.

仕掛け

shikake — Mechanism; device; a trick or clever contrivance.

よく

yoku — Well; often; thoroughly; in a good or frequent manner.

巻か

maka — Passive/conditional stem of maku, meaning 'to wind up'.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary indicating something is done to subject.

いれ

ire — Conditional form of iru, meaning 'if (one) is/exists'.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when' something holds.

学問

gakumon — Learning; scholarship; academic study and pursuit of knowledge.

何ら

nanra — No; any; used in negative sentences meaning 'whatsoever'.

実質

jisshitsu — Substance; real content; actual essence beyond surface appearance.

関与

kan'yo — Involvement; participation; having a part in something.

向かっ

mukatte — Conjunctive form of mukau, meaning 'heading toward/facing'.

勤勉

kinben — Diligent; industrious; hardworking in study or labor.

働き

hataraki — Work; function; the act of working or operating.

続ける

tsuzukeru — To continue; to keep doing something without stopping.

それゆえ

soreyue — Therefore; for that reason; consequently as a result.

実際

jissai — Actually; in reality; in practice as opposed to theory.

関心

kanshin — Interest; concern; attention directed toward a particular subject.

一般

ippan — General; common; ordinary; applicable to the public broadly.

まったく

mattaku — Completely; entirely; utterly; used for strong emphasis.

別

betsu — Separate; different; another; distinct from what was mentioned.

方向

hōkō — Direction; orientation; the way something is headed.

向い

mukai — Conjunctive form of mukau, facing or turning toward something.

おそらく

osoraku — Probably; perhaps; most likely; expressing uncertain conjecture.

家庭

katei — Home; family; household; domestic life and environment.

あっ

atte — Conjunctive form of aru, meaning 'being/existing and...'.

たり

tari — Particle listing representative examples among multiple possibilities.

金銭

kinsen — Money; currency; monetary matters or financial concerns.

稼ぎ

kasegi — Earning; income; money earned through work or labor.

政治

seiji — Politics; political affairs; governance and government matters.

ところ

tokoro — Place; situation; point in time or circumstance.

彼

kare — He; him; third-person masculine pronoun in Japanese.

機械

kikai — Machine; mechanism; mechanical device or apparatus.

研究

kenkyū — Research; study; systematic investigation of a subject.

どの

dono — Which; what kind of; interrogative adjective modifying nouns.

地点

chiten — Point; location; a specific spot or position in space.

置か

oka — Passive stem of oku, meaning 'to be placed/put'.

れる

reru — Passive auxiliary verb indicating action done to subject.

ほとんど

hotondo — Almost; mostly; nearly all; very close to entirely.

無関係

mukankei — Unrelated; irrelevant; having no connection to something.

有望

yūbō — Promising; hopeful; showing great potential for future success.

若い

wakai — Young; youthful; of a low age or early stage.

優れ

sugure — Conjunctive form of sugureru, meaning 'to excel/be superior'.

文献

bunken — Literature; documents; written sources and scholarly references.

キノコ

kinoko — Mushroom; fungus; umbrella-shaped edible or wild fungal plant.

専門

senmon — Specialty; expertise; a specific field of study or work.

家

ka — Expert; specialist; suffix indicating a professional in field.

化学

kagaku — Chemistry; the scientific study of substances and their reactions.

同様

dōyō — Similarly; in the same way; alike in manner.

これ

kore — This; pronoun referring to something close to the speaker.

あれ

are — That over there; pronoun for something distant from both.

によって

ni yotte — By means of; through; depending on; due to something.

特徴

tokuchō — Feature; characteristic; a distinguishing trait or property.

られる

rareru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb indicating receiving an action.

わけ

wake — Reason; conclusion; meaning; 'that is why' or 'it means'.