History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 11

Vocabulary

ローマ法

rōmahō — Roman law; legal system of ancient Rome

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle

発展

hatten — Development, growth, or expansion of something

あるいは

arui wa — Or; alternatively; expressing another possibility

教会史

kyōkaishi — History of the church or ecclesiastical history

細部

saibu — Fine details; minute particulars of something

に

ni — Particle indicating location, direction, or target

関する

kan suru — To relate to; to concern; regarding something

より

yori — Than; from; by; indicating comparison or source

平和

heiwa — Peace; a state of tranquility and harmony

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-like', '-ish', or '-ic'

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or cause

教訓

kyōkun — Lesson; moral teaching drawn from experience

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjective to noun

挿話

sōwa — Episode; anecdote inserted within a larger narrative

は

wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the subject

野蛮

yaban — Barbarism; savagery; uncivilized or brutal behavior

侵略

shinryaku — Invasion; aggressive encroachment upon another's territory

時代

jidai — Era; age; a distinct period of history

と

to — And; with; quotation particle connecting elements

間

aida / ma — Interval; space between; period of time

休息

kyūsoku — Rest; repose; a break from activity

場

ba — Place; scene; a space or occasion

区切り

kugiri — Break; division; punctuation between sections

して

shite — Doing; te-form of suru linking actions

自ら

mizukara — Oneself; personally; by one's own initiative

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating direct object

差し挟む

sashihasamu — To interpose; to insert or wedge in between

要するに

yō suru ni — In short; to sum up; in a word

最初

saisho — The first; the beginning; initially

二つ

futatsu — Two; a pair of things

首都

shuto — Capital city of a nation or empire

によって

ni yotte — By means of; due to; depending on

のちには

nochi ni wa — Later; afterward; in due course

帝国

teikoku — Empire; a vast realm ruled by an emperor

正式

seishiki — Formal; official; proper and duly authorized

分割

bunkatsu — Division; partition into separate parts

注意

chūi — Attention; caution; a warning or notice

が

ga — Subject marker particle; but; however

散らされ

chirasare — Being scattered; dispersed in various directions

する

suru — To do; to perform; general-purpose action verb

ものの

mono no — Although; even though; concessive conjunction

配置

haichi — Arrangement; placement; deployment of elements

卓越

takuetsu — Excellence; superiority; outstanding skill or quality

した

shita — Past tense of suru; did; performed

巧み

takumi — Skill; dexterity; clever craftsmanship

さ

sa — Suffix nominalizing adjectives into abstract nouns

秩序

chitsujo — Order; systematic arrangement; social order

規則正しい

kisoku tadashii — Regular; orderly; following consistent rules precisely

進行

shinkō — Progress; advance; proceeding forward steadily

保ち

tamochi — Maintaining; keeping; preserving a state

続ける

tsuzukeru — To continue; to keep doing something persistently

文明

bunmei — Civilization; an advanced state of human society

世界

sekai — World; the entire globe or a realm

境界

kyōkai — Boundary; border; the dividing line between areas

はるかに

haruka ni — Far; by far; much; to a great degree

超えた

koeta — Exceeded; surpassed; crossed beyond a limit

彼方

kanata — Yonder; far away; the distant beyond

形成

keisei — Formation; shaping; bringing something into being

されつつある

saretsutsu aru — Is in the process of being done gradually

嵐

arashi — Storm; tempest; a violent disturbance

集積

shūseki — Accumulation; gathering together of many things

私

watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people; we; they

地平

chihei — Horizon; the line where earth meets sky

広がる

hirogaru — To spread; to expand; to extend outward

につれ

ni tsure — As; in accordance with; along with change

そして

soshite — And then; and; connecting sequential statements

それら

sorera — Those; those things; plural demonstrative pronoun

震える

furueru — To tremble; to shake; to quiver with fear

辺境

henkyō — Frontier; remote border region far from center

へと

e to — Toward; directional particle with added emphasis

次々

tsugitsugi — One after another; in succession; continuously

近づく

chikazuku — To approach; to draw near; to come closer

追う

ou — To chase; to pursue; to follow after something

圧縮

asshuku — Compression; condensing; squeezing into smaller space

され

sare — Passive form of suru; being done to

後退

kōtai — Retreat; withdrawal; moving backward under pressure

いく

iku — To go; auxiliary indicating progressive continuation

線

sen — Line; a drawn or imagined boundary or mark

なおも

nao mo — Still; even now; yet; continuing nevertheless

明確

meikaku — Clear; definite; unambiguous and precisely defined

見て取れる

mite toreru — Can be seen and understood; discernible to observer

徐々

jojo — Gradually; slowly; little by little over time

分裂

bunretsu — Splitting; fragmentation; division into opposing parts

し

shi — Te-form of suru; and; connecting clauses

砕けた

kudaketa — Broken; shattered; fragmented into pieces

断片

danpen — Fragment; shard; a piece broken from the whole

正規

seiki — Regular; formal; officially recognized and legitimate

国家

kokka — Nation-state; a sovereign political community

や

ya — And; et cetera; listing particle among items

王国

ōkoku — Kingdom; realm ruled by a king or queen

形

katachi — Form; shape; appearance of something

帯びて

obite — Bearing; taking on; assuming a quality

はいえ

wa ie — Although; even though; that said

真

shin / ma — True; genuine; real; authentic

関係

kankei — Relationship; connection; association between things

保たれ

tamotare — Being maintained; kept; preserved in a state

定義

teigi — Definition; clear explanation of a term's meaning

ローマ

rōma — Rome; the ancient city and civilization of Italy

支配

shihai — Rule; control; domination over a people or territory

州

shū — Province; state; administrative regional division

毛

ke — Hair; fur; a hair's breadth; tiny amount

生えた

haeta — Grown; sprouted; having grown on a surface

程度

teido — Degree; extent; level of something

まで

made — Until; up to; as far as; to the extent of

縮小

shukushō — Reduction; shrinkage; becoming smaller in scale

名

na / mei — Name; fame; nominal title or designation

イタリア

itaria — Italy; the southern European country and peninsula

において

ni oite — In; at; in the context of a place

都市

toshi — City; urban area; a populated metropolitan region

城壁

jōheki — City wall; fortification surrounding a city or fortress

内側

uchigawa — Inside; interior; the inner side of something

閉じ込め

tojicome — Confining; shutting in; trapping within a space

られて

rarete — Passive auxiliary; being subjected to an action

しまった

shimatta — Ended up; unfortunately done; completed regrettably

時

toki — Time; moment; when something occurs

さえ

sae — Even; as long as; emphasizing an extreme case

それでも

soredemo — Even so; nevertheless; still in spite of that

なお

nao — Still; furthermore; yet; all the more so

歴史家

rekishika — Historian; a scholar who studies and writes history

その後

sono go — After that; subsequently; following that point in time

叙述

jojutsu — Narration; description; account of events in writing

広げて

hirogete — Spreading out; extending; expanding the scope

広大

kōdai — Vast; extensive; enormously wide or spacious

領域

ryōiki — Territory; domain; a defined area or field

わたって

watatte — Spanning; extending across; covering a range

延びて

nobite — Stretching; extending; reaching out in length

いる

iru — To be; to exist; auxiliary indicating ongoing state

偉大

idai — Great; grand; magnificent in scale or achievement

記憶

kioku — Memory; recollection; the faculty of remembering

その

sono — That; those; the aforementioned thing or person

面影

omokage — Vestige; lingering image; a trace of something past

ある

aru — To exist; there is; to have something

全体

zentai — Whole; entirety; the complete total of something

一つ

hitotsu — One; a single unit or item

統一

tōitsu — Unification; consolidation into a single unified whole

溶け合い

tokeai — Merging; blending together; fusing into one

彼

kare — He; him; third-person masculine singular pronoun

悲劇

higeki — Tragedy; a deeply sorrowful or catastrophic event

ドラマ

dorama — Drama; a story involving conflict and emotion

二重

nijū — Double; dual; twofold in nature or structure

破局

hakyoku — Catastrophe; collapse; a ruinous final outcome

にとって

ni totte — For; from the standpoint of; in terms of

明らか

akiraka — Clear; obvious; evident and plain to see

不可欠

fukaketsu — Indispensable; essential; absolutely necessary and required

もの

mono — Thing; object; that which exists or is done

なって

natte — Becoming; having become; te-form of naru

しかし

shikashi — However; but; expressing contrast or contradiction

構想

kōsō — Conception; grand plan; overall design or vision

壮麗

sōrei — Magnificent; splendid; imposing grandeur and beauty

調和

chōwa — Harmony; balance; agreeable combination of elements

正確

seikaku — Accurate; correct; precise without error

精密

seimitsu — Precise; meticulous; extremely fine and exact detail

もって

motte — With; by means of; using something as a tool

満たされて

mitasarete — Being filled; satisfied; fulfilled with something

い

i — Stem of iru; being; existing in a state

ない

nai — Not; negation; does not exist

限り

kagiri — As long as; unless; to the extent of

印象

inshō — Impression; the effect something leaves on the mind

あって

atte — Being; existing; te-form linking clauses with aru

も

mo — Also; too; even; additive or emphatic particle

賞賛

shōsan — Admiration; praise; commendation for excellence

値する

atai suru — To deserve; to be worth; to merit something

主張

shuchō — Claim; assertion; insisting on a viewpoint

言えない

ienai — Cannot say; unable to assert or claim

この

kono — This; the nearby thing just mentioned

点

ten — Point; aspect; a particular matter or detail

ほど

hodo — To the extent that; as much as; about

厳しく

kibishiku — Severely; strictly; in a harsh or demanding manner

試された

tamesareta — Was tested; was put to the trial or challenge

著述家

chojutsuka — Author; writer; one who writes literary or scholarly works

他

hoka — Other; another; the rest; different from this

いない

inai — Does not exist; is not present; there is none