History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 8

Vocabulary

모든

modeun — All, every; encompassing everything without exception.

국가의

gukgaui — Of a nation or state; national, belonging to a country.

역사는

yeoksaneun — History (topic marker); referring to historical records.

완전하기

wanjeonhagi — To be complete or perfect; state of being thorough.

위해서는

wihaeseoeneun — In order to; for the purpose of achieving something.

어떤

eotteon — Some, certain, what kind of; indicating an unspecified thing.

의미에서

uimieseo — In the sense of; from a particular meaning or perspective.

유럽의

yuropui — Of Europe; belonging or relating to the European continent.

한다

handa — Does, must do; declarative or obligatory verb ending.

우리의

uriui — Our; possessive form of the first-person plural pronoun.

가장

gajang — Most, the most; superlative degree adverb in Korean.

내밀한

naemilhan — Most intimate, innermost, deeply private or secret.

사건들을

sageon-deureul — Events, incidents (plural, object marker); notable occurrences.

추적하기

chujeokhagi — To trace or track; following the course of something.

위해

wihae — For the sake of, in order to; expressing purpose.

얼마나

eolmana — How much, how far; asking degree or extent.

먼

meon — Far, distant; describing great physical or temporal distance.

곳까지

gotkkaji — Up to a place; indicating extent of reaching a location.

거슬러

geoseulleo — Going back against; tracing backward in time or direction.

올라가야

ollagaya — Must go up or back; obligatory ascent or retrospection.

할지

halji — Whether to do; expressing uncertainty about a future action.

알

al — To know; base form indicating knowledge or awareness.

수

su — Ability, possibility; auxiliary noun indicating capability.

없으며

eopseumyeo — Does not exist, cannot; negative existence with continuation.

겉으로는

geoteuroeneun — On the surface, outwardly; regarding external appearance.

아무런

amureon — No, none whatsoever; emphatic negation of any connection.

관련이

gwalloni — Connection, relation (subject marker); relevance between things.

없어

eopseo — There is none; expressing absence or lack of something.

보이는

boineun — Appearing, seeming; present modifier form of 'to appear'.

나라로부터

nararobuteo — From a country; indicating origin from a particular nation.

전체

jeonche — Entire, whole, total; encompassing all parts together.

사태의

sataeui — Of the situation or state of affairs; possessive of 사태.

흐름에

heuреуmе — In the flow or current; the course or stream of events.

방향을

banghyangeul — Direction (object marker); orientation or course of movement.

부여하는

buyeohaneun — Granting, conferring, giving; assigning a quality to something.

충동이

chungdongi — Impulse, urge (subject marker); sudden driving force or motivation.

비롯될

birotdoel — To originate from, stem from; future modifier of 비롯되다.

수도

sudo — Capital city; also used as 'may also' in grammar.

있다

itda — To exist, to be; basic existential verb in Korean.

고전적

gojeonjeok — Classical; relating to classical tradition or models.

모범을

mobeomeul — Model, exemplar (object marker); an example worthy of imitation.

모방하여

mobanghayeo — Imitating, following as a model; copying a style or method.

자신의

jasinui — One's own; possessive reflexive pronoun in Korean.

탐구가

tamguga — Inquiry, investigation (subject marker); scholarly exploration.

뻗어

ppeodeo — Stretching, extending outward; spreading in a direction.

나가는

naganeun — Going out, extending; present modifier form of 나가다.

중심점이자

jungsiomjeomija — Central point and also; serving as a pivotal focal center.

끊임없이

kkeunimeopsi — Ceaselessly, without interruption; continuously and persistently.

준거로

jungeoro — As a reference or standard; used as a basis for comparison.

삼는

samneun — Taking as, treating as; making something a reference point.

지점으로

jijeomeuro — As a point or spot; designating a specific location or position.

설정한다

seoljeonganda — Sets, establishes; declares or designates something formally.

그러나

geureona — However, but; conjunction indicating contrast or counterpoint.

그

geu — That, the; demonstrative pronoun or article in Korean.

미치는

michineun — Reaching, extending to; the range or scope of influence.

범위는

beomwineun — Scope, range (topic marker); extent of coverage or reach.

광대한가

gwangdaehan-ga — Is it vast? Interrogative about enormity or great extent.

제국의

jegugui — Of the empire; belonging to an imperial state or domain.

쇠퇴로

soetaero — Through decline or decay; leading to gradual deterioration.

이어지는

ieojineun — Leading to, continuing; connecting and flowing into something.

원인들은

wonin-deureun — Causes (topic marker); multiple reasons behind an outcome.

복잡하고

bokjapago — Complex and; being complicated with additional characteristics.

뒤엉켜

dwienkyeo — Entangled, intertwined; twisted together in a complex manner.

있으며

isseumyeo — Exist and; present continuous with a conjunctive continuation.

풀기

pulgi — Untangling, solving; the act of unraveling or resolving.

어려워

eoryeowo — Difficult, hard; expressing that something is not easy.

보이는가

boineun-ga — Does it appear? Interrogative about outward appearance.

서로

seoro — Each other, mutually; reciprocal relationship between parties.

뒤섞이고

dwiseokkigo — Mixing together and; blending chaotically with continuation.

불분명한

bulbunmyeonghan — Unclear, indistinct; lacking clarity or definite boundaries.

무리를

murireul — Group, crowd (object marker); a mass or cluster of things.

이루어

irueo — Forming, making up; constituting or composing a whole.

쏟아져

ssodajyeo — Pouring out, streaming; flowing forth in large quantities.

나오며

naomyeo — Coming out and; emerging with a conjunctive continuation.

지리적

jirijeok — Geographical; relating to geography or spatial boundaries.

경계를

gyeonggyereul — Boundaries, borders (object marker); limits separating territories.

바꾸고

bakkugo — Changing and; altering something with a continuing action.

자연적

jayeonjeok — Natural; relating to nature or occurring naturally.

쉼

swim — Rest, pause; a break or cessation of movement or activity.

없이

eopsi — Without; adverbial form indicating absence of something.

뒤흔드는

dwihundeoneun — Shaking up, disrupting; causing instability or upheaval.

민족들은

minjok-deureun — Peoples, ethnic groups (topic marker); various national groups.

또

tto — Also, again; additive or repetitive conjunction in Korean.

헤아릴

heaaril — To count, reckon; future modifier of measuring or estimating.

많은가

maneun-ga — Are there many? Interrogative about large quantity or number.

언뜻

eontteut — At a glance, momentarily; a brief or fleeting impression.

보기에

bogIe — At first glance, to the eye; from a visual perspective.

시대

sidae — Era, age, period; a distinct span of historical time.

세계의

segyeui — Of the world; belonging to or concerning the entire world.

전반적인

jeonbanjeogин — Overall, general; pertaining to the whole or broad state.

상태는

sangtaeneun — State, condition (topic marker); the situation or circumstances.

역사적

yeoksajeok — Historical; relating to history or significant historical events.

탐험가에게

tamheomgaege — To the explorer; dative form addressing an adventurous investigator.

혼돈보다

hondонboda — Than chaos; comparative indicating greater disorder than chaos.

더

deo — More; comparative adverb indicating greater degree.

확실한

hwaksilhan — Certain, sure; being definite or reliably established.

발판을

balpaneul — Foothold, stepping stone (object marker); a stable base.

제공하지

jegongahji — Providing, offering; negative infinitive form of 제공하다.

못하는

motaneun — Unable to do; modifier indicating inability or failure.

것처럼

geotcheoreom — As if, like; comparing to or resembling a situation.

보인다

boinda — Appears, seems; declarative present tense of 보이다.

즉

jeuk — That is, namely; clarifying or elaborating a previous statement.

도저히

dojeohi — Absolutely not, by no means; strong emphatic impossibility.

수습할

suseupal — To manage, settle; future modifier of restoring order.

없는

eomneun — Without, nonexistent; modifier indicating absence or lack.

무질서의

mujilseoui — Of disorder, chaos; possessive of a state of lawlessness.

상태에

sangtaee — In a state or condition; locative form of 상태.

이는

ineun — This (topic marker); referring to something previously mentioned.

시인의

siinui — Poet's; possessive form referring to a poet's work.

언어로

eoneoro — In the language of; using the language or words of someone.

잘

jal — Well, skillfully; adverb indicating good quality or ability.

묘사된다

myosadoenda — Is described, is depicted; passive declarative verb form.

끝도

kkeutdo — Even an end; emphasizing absence of any endpoint.

없고

eopgo — There is none and; negative existence with continuation.

경계도

gyeonggyedo — Even a boundary; emphasizing absence of any border.

넓이도

neolbido — Even width or breadth; emphasizing absence of dimension.

어두운

eodуun — Dark, gloomy; lacking light, obscure or shadowy.

바다

bada — Sea, ocean; a large body of saltwater.

길이와

giIiwa — Length and; dimension of extent in one direction.

너비와

neoiwa — Width and; dimension of lateral extent.

높이가

nopiga — Height (subject marker); vertical dimension of something.

그리고

geurigo — And, also; additive conjunction linking elements together.

시간과

sigangwa — Time and; dimension of temporal duration.

장소가

jangsoga — Place (subject marker); a specific location or setting.

사라진

sarajin — Disappeared, vanished; past modifier of vanishing away.

곳

got — Place, spot; a location or point in space.

자연의

jayeonui — Of nature; belonging to the natural world or creation.

선조인

seonjoin — Being an ancestor; identifying something as a progenitor.

태초의

taechoui — Of the primordial beginning; relating to the earliest origin.

밤과

bamgwa — Night and; darkness of night alongside something else.

혼돈이

hondoni — Chaos (subject marker); a state of complete disorder.

끝없는

kkeutomneun — Endless, boundless; having no end or limit.

전쟁의

jeonjaengui — Of war; belonging to or characteristic of warfare.

소음

soeum — Noise, din; unwanted or disruptive loud sound.

속에서

sogесо — Inside, amid; being within or surrounded by something.

영원한

yeongwonhan — Eternal, everlasting; existing without end or time limit.

무정부

mujongbu — Anarchy; absence of government or ruling authority.

상태를

sangtaereul — State, condition (object marker); a particular situation.

지배하며

jibaehAmyeo — Ruling, dominating and; exercising control with continuation.

혼란

hollан — Confusion, turmoil; a state of disorder and disarray.

속에

soge — Inside, within; being contained or embedded in something.

우뚝

uttuk — Prominently, towering; standing out conspicuously upright.

서

seo — Standing; verb stem meaning to stand or be upright.

있는

inneun — Existing, being; present modifier of the verb 있다.

우리는

urineun — We (topic marker); first-person plural subject in Korean.

이

i — This; proximal demonstrative pronoun or determiner.

사회적

sahoejeok — Social; relating to society or social structures.

혼란의

hollanui — Of confusion or chaos; possessive of a turbulent state.

시대를

sidaereul — Era, age (object marker); a period of time being discussed.

아우르는

aureуneun — Encompassing, covering; embracing a wide range of things.

서사의

seosaui — Of the narrative; possessive relating to a narrative account.

통일성과

tongIlseonggwa — Unity and; the quality of being unified alongside something.

조화가

johwaga — Harmony (subject marker); a pleasing balance and agreement.

전적으로

jeonjegeuro — Entirely, wholly; completely and without reservation.

역사가의

yeoksagaui — Historian's; possessive form referring to a historian.

기량과

giryangwa — Skill and; ability or proficiency alongside another quality.

명철한

myeongcheolhan — Perspicacious, clear-minded; having sharp analytical insight.

구성

guseong — Composition, structure; the way something is organized.

능력에

neungnyeoge — In ability or capacity; dative form of skill or power.

귀속되어야

gwisoкdoеoya — Must be attributed to; obligation to assign credit or cause.

함을

hameul — The act of doing (object marker); nominalized verb form.

느낀다

neukginda — Feels, senses; declarative present tense of 느끼다.