History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 7

Vocabulary

ဒီ

di — This; used as a demonstrative pronoun or adjective

ဒီဇိုင်း

di-zine — Design; artistic or structural plan of something

ရဲ့

yè — Possessive or associative particle; belonging to

ကျယ်ပြန့်မှု

kjè-pjaN-hmu — Breadth; wide scope or extensive range

နှင့်

hnin — And; with; together with another thing

သဟဇာတ

tha-ha-za-ta — Harmony; compatibility; being in accord together

ဖြစ်မှု

pfyit-hmu — Occurrence; the state or fact of happening

သည်

thi — Topic marker particle; indicates subject of sentence

၏

e — Possessive particle; formal genitive marker

လက်ရာ

let-ya — Work; craftsmanship; a created piece or work

ကို

ko — Object marker particle; indicates direct object

အခြားသော

a-hkja-dho — Other; different; relating to something else

သမိုင်း

tha-mite — History; the study of past events

ဆိုင်ရာ

hsine-ya — Related to; pertaining to a specific subject

ကြီးမားသော

kji-ma-dho — Great; large; of significant size or importance

စာပေ

sa-pe — Literature; written works of a language

ရှိနှင့်

shi-hnin — Already existing; present along with something else

များ

mja — Plural marker; many; more than one

ခွဲခြား

khwè-hkja — To distinguish; to differentiate between things

ထင်ရှား

htin-sha — Prominent; obvious; well-known or remarkable

စေသည့်

se-dhi — Causing; making something happen or occur

အချက်

a-hchet — Point; key fact or important element

ဖြစ်သည်

pfyit-thi — Is; to be; exists as something

ဟု

hu — Quotative particle; meaning 'saying that'

သံသယ

thaN-tha-ya — Doubt; suspicion; uncertainty about something

မရှိ

ma-shi — Does not exist; there is none

နိုင်

nine — Can; able to; capable of doing something

ပေ။

pe — Sentence-final emphatic particle; indeed; certainly

သူ

thu — He; she; third-person singular pronoun

ရှေးခေတ်

shè-khet — Ancient times; old era; antiquity

ခေတ်သစ်

khet-thit — Modern era; new age; contemporary period

ကာလ

ka-la — Period; era; span of time

ကြား

kja — Between; among; in the middle of

ရှိ

shi — To exist; to have; to be present

နက်ရှိုင်းသော

net-shite-dho — Deep; profound; having great depth or insight

အဆက်အသွယ်

a-hset-a-thwe — Connection; link; relationship between things

မဲ့

mè — Lacking; without; devoid of something

ပြတ်တောင်း

pjat-taung — Discontinuous; broken; lacking continuity

ပထမဆုံး

pa-hta-ma-hsone — First; the very first in order

တံတား

taN-da — Bridge; structure connecting two separated places

ဆောက်

hsout — To build; to construct a structure

ဆက်သွယ်

hset-thwe — To connect; to communicate; to link together

ပေးပြီး

pe-pji — Having given; providing and then continuing

ကမ္ဘာကြီး

kaN-ba-kji — The great world; the earth; the globe

နှစ်ခု

hnit-hku — Two things; a pair; two units

တစ်ဆက်တည်း

tit-hset-de — Continuously; in one unbroken sequence

ချိတ်ဆက်

cheit-hset — To link; to connect; to join together

ပေးခဲ့

pe-gè — Gave; provided something in the past

သည်။

thi — Sentence-final declarative particle; statement ending

ကလာစီကယ်

ka-la-si-kel — Classical; relating to ancient Greek or Roman culture

ပညာရှင်

pjaN-ya-shin — Scholar; expert; learned or knowledgeable person

ထက်

htet — Than; more than; comparative particle

သာလွန်

tha-lwan — To exceed; to surpass; to be superior

ကောင်းမွန်သော

kaung-mwan-dho — Good; excellent; of high quality

မှာ

hma — At; in; locative particle indicating place

စီမံကိန်း

si-maN-kine — Plan; project; organized scheme or program

တညီတညွတ်တည်း

ta-nyi-ta-nywat-te — Unanimously; in complete agreement together

ဖြစ်ပြီး

pfyit-pji — Being; having become; existing as

၎င်းတို့

di-do — They; those; third-person plural pronoun

သုတေသန

thu-te-tha-na — Research; scholarly investigation or inquiry

နယ်ပယ်

ne-pe — Field; domain; area of study or activity

ကျဉ်းမြောင်းသော

kjin-mjaung-dho — Narrow; limited in scope or width

ကြောင့်

kjaung — Because of; due to; causal particle

ထို

hto — That; those; demonstrative referring to something

များစွာ

mja-zwa — Many; a great number or amount

အထောက်အကူ

a-htout-a-ku — Support; assistance; helpful contribution

ပြု

pju — To do; to perform; to make happen

ပါသည်။

pa-thi — Polite sentence-final particle; respectful statement ending

မှ

hma — From; since; ablative source particle

အပ

a-pa — Apart from; except; besides something

ဂရိ

ga-ri — Greek; relating to Greece or its culture

ကဲ့သို့သော

kè-hto-dho — Such as; like; for example

ပို

po — More; to a greater degree

မို

mo — Even more so; intensifier particle

ခေတ်သစ်သော

khet-thit-dho — Modern; contemporary; of the new era

စာစု

sa-su — Text; passage; collection of written words

ဆရာ

hsaya — Teacher; master; respected expert or instructor

ကျွန်ုပ်တို့

kjano-do — We; our group; first-person plural pronoun

မထည့်သွင်း

ma-hte-thwing — Not to include; to exclude something

ပါ

pa — Polite particle; also; please; inclusion marker

တစ်

tit — One; a; single unit or item

တည်း

de — Only; alone; restrictive emphatic particle

သာ

tha — Only; just; limiting or exclusive particle

မဟုတ်လျှင်

ma-hout-ljin — If not; unless; conditional negative particle

ရေးရာ

ye-ya — Affairs; matters; things related to writing

အတွင်း

a-twing — Inside; within; during a period

ကန့်သတ်

kaN-htat — To limit; to restrict; to set boundaries

ခဲ့

gè — Past tense marker; indicates completed action

ကြသည်။

kja-thi — Plural past declarative; they did something

ဗာဗာရီးယန်း

ba-ba-ri-yan — Barbarian; outsider considered uncivilized or foreign

နယ်နိမိတ်

ne-na-meit — Border; boundary; territorial limit of a place

ကျူးကျော်

kju-kjaw — To invade; to trespass; to encroach upon

သမျှ

tha-mja — All; every; whatever amount or number

သို့မဟုတ်

hto-ma-hout — Or; otherwise; alternatively

နိုင်ငံရေး

nine-ngaN-ye — Politics; political affairs or governance

မဖြစ်မနေ

ma-pfyit-ma-ne — Necessarily; inevitably; must happen without fail

ပေါင်းစပ်မှု

paung-zat-hmu — Integration; combination; merging of different elements

သို့

hto — To; toward; directional particle

လက်ခံ

let-khaN — To accept; to receive; to acknowledge something

ထည့်သွင်း

hte-thwing — To include; to insert; to incorporate into

ခဲ့သည်။

gè-thi — Past tense declarative; did and completed action

သို့သော်

hto-dho — However; but; nevertheless; contrasting conjunction

တို့

do — Plural particle; marks a group of people

အတွက်

a-twet — For; for the sake of; regarding

မူ

mu — However; as for; contrastive topic particle

နောက်ဆုံး

nout-hsone — Last; final; at the very end

ဖော်ပြသူ

pfaw-pju-thu — Narrator; one who describes or presents

ပါရှန်

pa-shaN — Persian; relating to Persia or its people

ကျူးကျော်ချက်

kju-kjaw-hchet — Invasion; act of encroaching or attacking

ကမ္ဘာ

kaN-ba — World; earth; the globe

တစ်ခုလုံး

tit-hku-lone — Entire; whole; the complete thing

ဖြစ်သည်။

pfyit-thi — Declarative statement: is; exists as something

သဘာဝ

tha-ba-wa — Nature; natural; characteristic essence of something

ဖြစ်ရပ်

pfyit-yat — Event; occurrence; something that takes place

မှတ်တမ်း

hmat-daN — Record; documentation; written account of events

အချိန်

a-hchin — Time; moment; a specific point in time

အမျှ

a-mja — As much as; equally; proportionally

အစဉ်အတိုင်း

a-sin-a-tite — In order; sequentially; following proper sequence

ဖော်ပြ

pfaw-pju — To describe; to show; to express clearly

ရန်

yaN — In order to; for the purpose of

ဖြစ်ပေါ်လာ

pfyit-paw-la — To arise; to emerge; to come into being

စေပြီး

se-pji — Causing to happen and then continuing

ခွဲ

khwè — To separate; to divide; to split apart

ရှားရှားပါးပါး

sha-sha-pa-pa — Rarely; seldom; occurring very infrequently

အလွန်

a-lwan — Very; extremely; to a great degree

တိုတောင်းသော

to-taung-dho — Short; brief; of small length or duration

ပြဿနာ

pja-hna-na — Problem; issue; difficulty or trouble

ရောမ

yaw-ma — Rome; the ancient Roman city or empire

လမ်းကြောင်း

laN-kjaung — Path; direction; course of action or route

တူညီစွာ

tu-nyi-zwa — Equally; similarly; in the same manner

ရှင်းလင်း

shin-lin — Clear; to clarify; plain and understandable

ပြီး

pji — Completed; after finishing; and then

ကောင်းစွာ

kaung-zwa — Well; nicely; in a good manner

သတ်မှတ်

that-hmat — To define; to determine; to set something

ထားသည်။

hta-thi — Has been placed; kept; maintained in state

ဗဟိုချက်

ba-ho-hchet — Central point; focal point; center of focus

အုပ်ချုပ်မှု

out-hcout-hmu — Administration; governance; the act of ruling

စက်ဝိုင်း

set-wite — Circle; circular shape or area

ပျံ့နှံ့ပုံ

pjaN-hnam-pone — Pattern of spread; how something diffuses out

တသမတ်တည်း

ta-tha-mat-te — Consistently; uniformly; in the same manner throughout

နိုင်ငံသား

nine-ngaN-tha — Citizen; national; a member of a country

တိုးချဲ့ပုံ

to-hchè-pone — Pattern of expansion; how something grows outward

ပုံမှန်မှု

pone-hmaN-hmu — Regularity; normalcy; the state of being regular

က

ka — Subject marker particle; indicates agent of action

ဘာသာရပ်

ba-tha-yat — Subject; discipline; field of academic study

အဖြစ်

a-pfyit — As; in the role of; in the state of

ကြေငြာသော

kje-ngja-dho — Proclaimed; announced; declared publicly

အစီအစဉ်

a-si-a-sin — Arrangement; order; organized plan or sequence

ထံ

htaN — To; toward a person; dative particle

တွန်းပို့

twaN-po — To push forward; to propel; to drive toward

ခဲ့သည်

gè-thi — Past tense marker; did; completed action

ဆိုနိုင်

hso-nine — Can say; able to state or claim

အာဏာ

a-na — Power; authority; political or official control

အောက်

out — Under; below; beneath something

ကျရောက်ပုံ

kja-yout-pone — Manner of falling; how something comes under

နည်းလမ်း

ni-laN — Method; way; approach to doing something

နည်းစနစ်

ni-sa-nit — System; methodology; organized set of methods

ဥရောပ

u-yaw-pa — Europe; the European continent

ဘုရင့်နိုင်ငံ

pha-yin-nine-ngaN — Kingdom; empire; a king's state or realm

ရှုပ်ထွေးသော

shout-twe-dho — Complex; complicated; involving many difficult elements

မည်မျှ

ma-mja — How much; to what extent; how many

ကွဲပြား

kwè-pja — Different; varied; distinct from one another

ခြားနား

hkja-na — Difference; distinction; the gap between things

သနည်း

tha-ni — Question particle; used to form questions