History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 8

Vocabulary

မည်သည့်

myi. hti. — which; whichever (interrogative/relative pronoun)

နိုင်ငံ

naing ngan — country; nation; state

၏

e — possessive or attributive particle (of; 's)

သမိုင်း

tha maing: — history; historical record

မဆို

ma hso — whatever; any (used with interrogatives)

ပြည့်စုံ

pyi. son — complete; perfect; fully sufficient

မှု

hmu — nominalizing suffix indicating an action or matter

ရှိ

shi. — to have; to exist; to be present

ရန်

yan — in order to; for the purpose of

မှာ

hma — at; in; on (locative particle)

တစ်နည်း

ta nyi: — in other words; another way

အားဖြင့်

a: hpyaing. — by means of; in terms of; regarding

ဥရောပ

u yao pa. — Europe (the continent)

ဖြစ်

hpyi. — to be; to become; to happen

ရ

ya — to get; to obtain; able to

မည်

myi. — future tense marker; will; shall

ကျွန်ုပ်တို့

kya. noup toh. — we; us (formal first person plural)

အိမ်တွင်း

ain twinn: — domestic; within the home or country

ဆုံး

hson: — to end; most (superlative suffix)

သော

thao — relative clause particle (that; which; who)

ဖြစ်ရပ်

hpyi. ya. — event; occurrence; incident

များ

mya: — plural marker; many; more

ကို

ko — object marker particle (to; at; accusative)

မည်မျှ

myi. mya — how much; how many; to what extent

ဝေးကွာ

we: kwa — far apart; distant; remote

ဒေသ

de tha. — region; area; locality

အထိ

a hti. — until; up to; as far as

ခြေရာခံ

chye ya han — to trace; to track; to follow a trail

လိုအပ်

lo a. — to need; to require; to be necessary

သည်

thi. — present tense declarative sentence particle

မသိ

ma thi — to not know; unaware; ignorant of

နိုင်

naing — to be able to; can; capable of

ချေ

chye — emphatic final particle expressing negation or doubt

ပင်

ping — emphatic particle meaning even; indeed; still

ဆက်စပ်

hse. sa. — to be connected; to be related; to link

မရှိ

ma shi. — to not have; to not exist; absent

ဟု

hu — quotative particle meaning said; that (quoting)

ထင်

hting — to think; to appear; to seem

တစ်ခု

ta khu. — one thing; a single item

မှ

hma. — from; since; out of (ablative particle)

ကိစ္စရပ်

ki sa ya. — matter; affair; issue; case

လုံး

lon: — whole; entire; all (classifier/suffix)

တိုးတက်

to: te. — to progress; to advance; to develop

လမ်းကြောင်း

lan jaung: — path; route; direction; course

လမ်းညွှန်

lan nyun — to guide; a guide; directions

ပေး

pe: — to give; to provide; to offer

သည့်

thi. — relative clause particle (attributive form)

တွန်းအား

tun a: — driving force; impetus; motivation

မူလ

mu la. — original; initial; fundamental; primary

စတင်

sa ting — to begin; to start; to commence

သူ

thu — he; she; that person (third person)

ဂန္တဝင်

gan da wing — classical; canonical; of traditional literary style

ပုံစံ

pon san — form; style; pattern; format

အတုယူ

a tu yu — to model after; to imitate; to follow example

၍

ywe. — connective particle meaning therefore; and so

ရောမ

yao ma. — Rome; Roman (referring to ancient Rome)

စုံစမ်း

son san: — to investigate; to inquire; to examine

လေ့လာ

le. la — to study; to learn; to research

ဆင်းသက်

hsin tha. — to descend from; to originate from; descent

ပြန့်ကျဲ

pyan. kje: — scattered; spread out; dispersed widely

ပြီး

pyi: — after; already done; completion particle

အမြဲတမ်း

a mje: dan: — always; constantly; perpetually

ရည်ညွှန်း

yi nyun: — to refer to; to indicate; to denote

အဓိက

a di ka. — main; primary; principal; most important

အချက်

a chye. — point; key fact; element; detail

အဖြစ်

a hpyi. — as; in the role of; in the form of

သတ်မှတ်

tha. hma. — to define; to designate; to specify

သို့သော်

tho. thau — however; but; nevertheless

ထို

htho — that; those (demonstrative pronoun/adjective)

ဖြတ်သန်း

hpya. than: — to pass through; to traverse; to experience

နယ်ပယ်

ne pa — field; domain; sphere; territory

ကြီးမား

kji: ma: — great; vast; enormous; significant

ကျယ်ပြန့်

kja pyan. — wide; broad; extensive; expansive

သ

tha. — suffix indicating continuous action or state

နည်း

nyi: — method; way; little; few

အင်ပါယာ

ing pa ya — empire; imperial domain

ကျဆင်း

kja hsin: — to decline; to fall; to deteriorate

ဦးတည်

u. tyi. — to aim toward; to head in a direction

အကြောင်းရင်း

a jaung: yin: — cause; reason; root cause

ရှုပ်ထွေး

shoup htwe: — complicated; complex; intricate; confusing

ရောထွေး

yao htwe: — mixed up; confused; jumbled together

ဖြေရှင်း

hpye shin: — to solve; to resolve; to clarify

မ

ma. — negation prefix (not; un-)

ရောနှော

yao hnao — to mix; to blend; to mingle together

မရှင်းလင်း

ma shin: lin: — unclear; not clear; vague; ambiguous

လူမျိုးစု

lu myo: su — ethnic group; people group; tribe

ဖြင့်

hpyaing. — with; by means of; using (instrumental particle)

ပြေးဆွဲ

pye: hzwe: — to run a service; to operate a route

ထွက်ပေါ်

htwe. pau — to emerge; to appear; to come out

လာ

la — to come; directional verb toward speaker

ကာ

ka — while; continuing; linking particle between clauses

မြေပုံ

mye pon — map; geographical map

နယ်နိမိတ်

ne ni mi. — border; boundary; frontier

အမြဲ

a mje: — always; at all times; constantly

ပြောင်းလဲ

pyaung: le: — to change; to alter; to transform

သဘာဝ

tha ba wo — nature; natural; inherent character

မဆုံး

ma hson: — endless; without end; not finishing

အောင်

aung — so that; in order to succeed; successfully

စေ

se — causative particle; to cause; to make do

လူမျိုး

lu myo: — race; ethnicity; nationality; people

ရေတွက်

ye twe. — to count; to enumerate; to calculate

ပထမ

pa hta ma. — first; primary; the first one

တစ်ချက်

ta chye. — once; one moment; one glance

ကြည့်

kji. — to look; to see; to observe

လျှင်

hlyaing — if; when; conditional particle

ကာလ

ka la. — period of time; era; duration

ကမ္ဘာ့

kan ba. — of the world; world's (possessive form)

အခြေအနေ

a chye a ne — situation; condition; circumstances; state

မြစ်ဆုံ

myi. hson — confluence; where rivers meet; junction

မိုက်မဲ

maik me: — foolish; stupid; dense; dimwitted

သဘော

tha bao — meaning; sense; idea; intention

ထက်

hte. — than; more than (comparative particle)

ဆိုင်ရာ

hsaing ya — related to; pertaining to; concerning

စွန့်စား

hsun: sa: — to risk; to take a chance; to dare

တစ်ဦး

ta u: — one person; a single individual

အတွက်

for; for the sake of; because of

ပိုမို

po mo — more; even more; increasingly

လုံခြုံ

lon chon — safe; secure; protected; safe from harm

မြေပြင်

mye pyin — ground; terrain; land surface; earth

မပေး

ma pe: — to not give; to withhold; to deny

သလောက်

tha lau. — as much as; to the extent that

ဆိုလိုသည်မှာ

hso lo thi. hma — what is meant is; that is to say

ပြန်လည်

pyan lyi. — again; back; returning to previous state

ထူထောင်

htu htaung — to establish; to found; to build up

အရှုပ်အထွေး

a shoup a htwe: — confusion; chaos; disorder; messy situation

တွင်

twing — in; at; within (locative particle)

နေ

ne — to live; to stay; to be (continuous)

လို

lo — to want; to need; like (comparative)

၎င်း

di yin: — it; he; she; they (formal pronoun)

ကဗျာဆရာ

ka bya hsa ya — poet; one who composes poetry

ဘာသာစကား

ba tha za ga: — language; tongue; speech system

ဤသို့

i. dtho. — thus; in this way; like this

ဖော်ပြ

hpau pya — to describe; to express; to show; to indicate

နယ်နိမိတ်မဲ့

ne ni mi. me. — borderless; without boundaries; unlimited

မည်းမှောင်

myi: hmaung — dark; gloomy; pitch dark; obscure

သမုဒ္ဒရာ

tha mou da ya — ocean; sea; vast body of water

အတိုင်းအတာ

a taing a ta — extent; scale; degree; measure

မဲ့

me. — lacking; without; devoid of (suffix)

အရှည်

a shi. — length; long dimension; longitude

အကျယ်

a kja — width; breadth; breadth of something

နှင့်

hnin. — and; with; along with (conjunction/particle)

အမြင့်

a hmyin. — height; altitude; elevation

နေရာ

ne ya — place; location; space; position

ပျောက်ဆုံး

pyau. hson: — to be lost; to disappear; to go missing

အရပ်

a ya. — direction; place; region; stature

ဘိုးဘောက်

bo: bau. — ancient; primeval; long ago; of old

တည်းဟူသော

ti: hu thao — namely; which is called; known as

အဟောင်းဆုံး

a haung: hson: — the oldest; the most ancient

ည

nya — night; nighttime

တို့

doh. — plural marker for pronouns; we; they

ကုန်ဆုံး

kon hson: — to be exhausted; to end; to run out

ခြင်း

chin: — nominalizer suffix; act of; the fact of

စစ်ပွဲ

si. pwe: — war; battle; military conflict

ဆူညံ

hsu nya — noisy; loud; clamorous; tumultuous

သံ

than — sound; voice; noise; iron (metal)

ကြား

kja: — between; among; to hear; interval

အစဉ်အမြဲ

a hsin a mje: — always; perpetually; continuously forever

အာဏာရှင်

a na shin — dictator; authoritarian ruler; tyrant

စနစ်

sa ni. — system; method; regime; order

ကိုင်ဆုပ်

kaing hsou. — to grip; to hold tightly; to grasp

တည်

ti. — to remain; to stand firm; to be stable

ကြ

kja — plural verb particle; together; collectively

လူမှု

lu hmu — social; societal; relating to society

ဖြိုဖျက်

hpyo hpye. — to destroy; to demolish; to break apart

ဒီ

di — this; here (colloquial demonstrative)

ဖုံးလွမ်း

hpon: lwan: — to cover over; to overwhelm; to shroud

မည့်

myi. — future relative clause particle (that will)

ဇာတ်ကြောင်း

zat jaung: — story; narrative; plot; account

ညီညွတ်

nyi nyou. — united; harmonious; in agreement; unified

သဟဇာတ

tha ha zat — harmony; compatibility; concordance; accord

ပညာရှင်

pyin nya shin — expert; scholar; specialist; learned person

ကျွမ်းကျင်

kjun kjin — skilled; experienced; proficient; expert

တောက်ပ

tau. pa. — bright; brilliant; shining; luminous

စိတ်ထား

sei. hta: — attitude; mindset; intention; disposition

ကြောင့်

jaung. — because of; due to; owing to

သာ

tha — only; just; merely; emphatic particle

ခံစားမိ

han sa mi. — to feel; to sense; to experience involuntarily

အတွက်

a twe. — for; for the sake of; because of