History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 7

Vocabulary

这种

zhè zhǒng — this kind of, this type of

设计

shèjì — design, plan, to design something

的

de — structural particle indicating possession or modification

广度

guǎngdù — breadth, width, scope of something

与

yǔ — and, with, together with

和谐

héxié — harmonious, balanced, in accord with each other

无疑

wúyí — undoubtedly, without doubt, certainly

是

shì — to be, is, are

使

shǐ — to cause, to make, to enable

著作

zhùzuò — written works, literary or academic writings

有别于

yǒu bié yú — to differ from, to be distinct from something

所有

suǒyǒu — all, every, all of something

其他

qítā — other, others, the rest

伟大

wěidà — great, magnificent, of outstanding significance

历史

lìshǐ — history, the study of past events

著述

zhùshù — scholarly writings, authored works, treatises

特质

tèzhì — special quality, distinctive characteristic, trait

他

tā — he, him, third-person masculine pronoun

率先

shuàixiān — to take the lead, to be the first to

架起

jià qǐ — to build up, to set up a bridge or structure

了

le — particle indicating completed action or change

古代

gǔdài — ancient times, antiquity, the ancient era

近代

jìndài — modern times, the modern era, recent history

之间

zhījiān — between, among, in the middle of

桥梁

qiáoliáng — bridge, a connecting link between two things

将

jiāng — to take, to use, particle indicating future action

历史上

lìshǐ shang — in history, historically speaking

两个

liǎng gè — two, a pair of two items

世界

shìjiè — world, the entire globe or realm

连接

liánjiē — to connect, to link, to join together

在

zài — at, in, located at a place

一起

yīqǐ — together, at the same time, jointly

古典

gǔdiǎn — classical, relating to ancient classical tradition

史家

shǐjiā — historian, a scholar who studies history

相较于

xiāng jiào yú — compared to, in comparison with something else

巨大

jùdà — huge, enormous, very large in scale

优势

yōushì — advantage, superiority, favorable position

在于

zàiyú — to lie in, to consist in, to rest with

其

qí — its, his, their, third-person possessive pronoun

计划

jìhuà — plan, scheme, to plan something in advance

统一性

tǒngyīxìng — unity, uniformity, the quality of being unified

而

ér — and yet, but, linking contrasting clauses

这

zhè — this, referring to something nearby or mentioned

当然

dāngrán — of course, naturally, as expected

很大

hěn dà — very large, to a great extent

程度上

chéngdù shang — to a certain degree, in terms of extent

得益于

déyì yú — to benefit from, to owe thanks to something

他们

tāmen — they, them, third-person plural pronoun

研究

yánjiū — research, study, to investigate a topic

所

suǒ — particle used before verbs to nominalize actions

局限

júxiàn — to limit, to confine, restriction or limitation

较为

jiào wéi — relatively, comparatively, somewhat more so

狭窄

xiázhǎi — narrow, limited in width or scope

范围

fànwéi — scope, range, area within defined limits

除

chú — except, besides, excluding something from consideration

外

wài — outside, beyond, excluding, external

希腊

Xīlà — Greece, the ancient or modern Greek nation

我们

wǒmen — we, us, first-person plural pronoun

不计

bù jì — not counting, disregarding, excluding from count

之类

zhīlèi — and such, and the like, of that sort

较

jiào — comparatively, relatively, rather more so

晚近

wǎnjìn — more recent, later in time, comparatively modern

编纂者

biānzuǎn zhě — compiler, one who compiles or edits texts

自己

zìjǐ — oneself, self, one's own person

限定于

xiàndìng yú — to limit oneself to, to confine to something

单一

dānyī — single, sole, uniform, consisting of one type

时期

shíqī — period, era, a specific span of time

或

huò — or, alternatively, either one or another

至少

zhìshǎo — at least, at a minimum

事务

shìwù — affairs, matters, business or administrative tasks

狭小

xiáxiǎo — narrow and small, limited in space or scope

之内

zhīnèi — within, inside, contained within boundaries

蛮族

mánzú — barbarians, uncivilized foreign peoples or tribes

侵入

qīnrù — to invade, to intrude into a territory forcefully

境内

jìngnèi — within the territory, inside the borders

必然

bìrán — inevitable, necessarily, bound to happen

政治

zhèngzhì — politics, political affairs and governance

纠缠

jiūchán — to entangle, to be involved in complications

时

shí — when, at the time of, temporal particle

便

biàn — then, thereupon, as a result, consequently

被

bèi — passive marker, indicating action done to subject

纳入

nàrù — to incorporate, to include, to bring into scope

范畴

fànchóu — category, domain, scope of a subject matter

但

dàn — but, however, introducing a contrasting idea

对于

duìyú — regarding, concerning, with respect to

和

hé — and, together with, connecting nouns or phrases

而言

éryán — as far as something is concerned, speaking of

除了

chúle — except for, apart from, besides something

后者

hòuzhě — the latter, the second of two mentioned things

记述

jìshù — to record, to describe, a written account

波斯

Bōsī — Persia, the ancient Persian empire or Iran

入侵

rùqīn — invasion, to invade a country or territory

之外

zhīwài — outside of, beyond, apart from something

便是

biàn shì — then it is, that is to say, namely

整个

zhěnggè — entire, whole, the complete totality of something

自然

zìrán — natural, naturally, of course, without force

叙述

xùshù — narration, to narrate or describe in detail

几乎

jīhū — almost, nearly, very close to entirely

完全

wánquán — completely, entirely, fully, without exception

遵循

zūnxún — to follow, to abide by, to adhere to rules

时间

shíjiān — time, a period or point in time

顺序

shùnxù — order, sequence, arranged in proper succession

插叙

chāxù — flashback or digression inserted into a narrative

极为

jí wéi — extremely, exceedingly, to a very great degree

罕见

hǎnjiàn — rare, seldom seen, uncommon occurrence

且

qiě — and, moreover, furthermore, in addition

简短

jiǎnduǎn — brief, short, concise in expression

罗马

Luómǎ — Rome, the ancient Roman civilization or city

这条

zhè tiáo — this (road/path), measure word for linear things

道路

dàolù — road, path, way forward

同样

tóngyàng — likewise, similarly, in the same manner

清晰

qīngxī — clear, distinct, easy to perceive or understand

明确

míngquè — clear, definite, explicit, unambiguous

统一

tǒngyī — unified, to unify, bringing together as one

中心

zhōngxīn — center, core, central point of something

统治

tǒngzhì — rule, domination, to govern or control a territory

向

xiàng — toward, facing, in the direction of

四周

sìzhōu — all around, on all sides, surrounding area

均匀

jūnyún — even, uniform, equally distributed throughout

扩展

kuòzhǎn — to expand, to extend outward, to spread further

民政

mínzhèng — civil administration, civilian governance and affairs

体制

tǐzhì — system, institutional structure, organizational regime

有

yǒu — to have, there is, to exist

规律

guīlǜ — rule, regularity, a regular pattern or law

地

de — adverbial particle linking adverb to verb

向外

xiàng wài — outward, toward the outside, in outward direction

拓展

tuòzhǎn — to expand, to develop, to broaden scope

一切

yīqiè — everything, all things, the entirety of something

仿佛

fǎngfú — as if, seemingly, as though something were true

迫使

pòshǐ — to force, to compel, to drive someone to act

采用

cǎiyòng — to adopt, to use, to employ a method

宣称

xuānchēng — to declare, to claim, to assert publicly

史书

shǐshū — history book, a written record of historical events

主题

zhǔtí — theme, subject, the main topic of a work

即

jí — namely, that is, immediately, equivalent to

臣服于

chénfú yú — to submit to, to yield to a superior power

手段

shǒuduàn — means, method, a way of achieving something

方式

fāngshì — manner, way, mode of doing something

欧洲

Ōuzhōu — Europe, the European continent

各

gè — each, every, various individual items

王国

wángguó — kingdom, a realm ruled by a king

错综复杂

cuòzōng fùzá — intricate, complex, tangled and complicated situation

与此

yǔ cǐ — with this, compared to this, in relation to this

何其

héqí — how very, how extremely, exclamatory intensifier

不同

bùtóng — different, unlike, not the same as something