History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 8

Vocabulary

每

měi — Every, each one of a group

一部

yī bù — One volume or work of writing

完整

wánzhěng — Complete, whole, intact, without omission

的

de — Structural particle indicating possession or modification

国家史

guójiā shǐ — History of a nation or country

在

zài — At, in, on; to be located at

某种

mǒu zhǒng — A certain kind or type of something

意义

yìyì — Meaning, significance, sense, importance

上

shàng — On, above; used after nouns for aspect

都

dōu — All, both; indicating inclusiveness

必须

bìxū — Must, have to, obligatory requirement

是

shì — To be; is, are, am

欧洲

Ōuzhōu — Europe, the European continent

历史

lìshǐ — History, the record of past events

我们

wǒmen — We, us, our group

无从

wúcóng — Have no way to, unable to start

知晓

zhīxiǎo — To know, to be aware of something

追溯

zhuīsù — To trace back, investigate historical origins

那些

nàxiē — Those, referring to plural distant things

最

zuì — Most, superlative degree marker

切近

qièjìn — Closely related, nearest, most immediately relevant

本国

běnguó — One's own country, the home nation

事件

shìjiàn — Event, incident, occurrence, affair

或许

huòxǔ — Perhaps, maybe, possibly

需要

xūyào — To need, require; a necessity

延伸

yánshēn — To extend, stretch out, reach further

至

zhì — To, until, reaching as far as

多么

duōme — How, to what extent, used in exclamations

遥远

yáoyuǎn — Far away, distant, remote in space

地域

dìyù — Region, area, territory, geographic zone

而

ér — And yet, but; connecting contrasting clauses

那

nà — That, those; referring to something distant

推动

tuīdòng — To drive, promote, push forward development

整个

zhěnggè — Entire, whole, the complete entirety

事态

shìtài — State of affairs, situation, course of events

走向

zǒuxiàng — Direction, trend; to move toward something

力量

lìliàng — Force, power, strength, influential energy

可能

kěnéng — Possibly, maybe; possibility, potential

源自

yuán zì — To originate from, derive from a source

一个

yī gè — One, a single item or entity

看似

kànsì — Appears to be, seems like at first glance

毫不相干

háo bù xiānggān — Completely unrelated, having no connection whatsoever

国度

guódù — Country, nation, realm, land

效仿

xiàofǎng — To imitate, follow the example of someone

古典

gǔdiǎn — Classical, relating to ancient cultural tradition

先贤

xiānxián — Ancient sages, wise predecessors of the past

以

yǐ — Using, by means of, with, taking

罗马

Luómǎ — Rome, the ancient city and empire

为

wéi — As, to be, serving as a role

核心

héxīn — Core, center, nucleus, central focus

将

jiāng — Will, about to; taking something and doing

其

qí — Its, his, her; third-person possessive pronoun

作为

zuòwéi — As, in the capacity of; to regard as

研究

yánjiū — To research, study; scholarly investigation

发散

fāsàn — To radiate outward, diverge, spread from center

起点

qǐdiǎn — Starting point, beginning, point of departure

亦是

yì shì — Also is, likewise serves as something

始终

shǐzhōng — Always, from beginning to end, consistently

参照

cānzhào — To reference, use as a point of comparison

归处

guīchù — Place to return to, final destination point

然而

rán'ér — However, nevertheless, yet; introducing contrast

所

suǒ — Particle preceding verbs to nominalize them

涉及

shèjí — To involve, cover, touch upon a topic

范围

fànwéi — Scope, range, extent, boundary of coverage

何等

héděng — How, what kind of; used in exclamations

广袤无垠

guǎngmào wúyín — Vast and boundless, stretching without any limit

导致

dǎozhì — To lead to, cause, result in something

衰亡

shuāiwáng — Decline and fall, to decay and perish

原因

yuányīn — Reason, cause, factor behind something

错综复杂

cuòzōng fùzá — Intricate and complex, tangled and complicated

混乱

hùnluàn — Chaotic, confused, disordered, in turmoil

纷扰

fēnrǎo — Disturbance, confusion, commotion, troubled disorder

难以

nányǐ — Difficult to, hard to accomplish something

理清

lǐqīng — To sort out, clarify, untangle complexity

蜂拥而出

fēngyōng ér chū — To swarm out, pour forth like bees

混杂

hùnzá — Mixed together, mingled, jumbled indiscriminately

难辨

nán biàn — Hard to distinguish, difficult to differentiate

民族

mínzú — Ethnic group, nationality, people, nation

不计其数

bù jì qí shù — Countless, innumerable, too many to count

他们

tāmen — They, them, third-person plural pronoun

不断

búduàn — Continuously, ceaselessly, without stopping

改变

gǎibiàn — To change, alter, transform something

地理

dìlǐ — Geography, the study of land and terrain

疆界

jiāngjiè — Boundary, border, territorial demarcation line

永无休止

yǒng wú xiūzhǐ — Endless, never ceasing, perpetually without pause

地

de — Adverbial particle linking adverb to verb

打乱

dǎluàn — To disrupt, throw into disorder, upset arrangement

自然

zìrán — Nature, natural; naturally, of course

边界

biānjiè — Border, boundary, dividing line between areas

乍看之下

zhà kàn zhī xià — At first glance, upon initial observation

这

zhè — This, referring to something nearby

时期

shíqī — Period, era, phase of time

世界

shìjiè — World, the globe, all of existence

整体

zhěngtǐ — Overall, whole, entirety as one unit

状态

zhuàngtài — State, condition, status, current situation

对于

duìyú — Regarding, with respect to, for someone

一位

yī wèi — One person, a polite counter for people

探索者

tànsuǒ zhě — Explorer, investigator, one who seeks knowledge

而言

éryán — In terms of, as far as concerned

似乎

sìhū — It seems, apparently, as if

不比

bù bǐ — Not better than, no more than something

笔下

bǐ xià — Under one's pen, in one's writing

混沌

hùndùn — Chaos, primordial disorder, undifferentiated confusion

更能

gèng néng — Even more able to, better capable of

提供

tígōng — To provide, supply, offer something needed

稳固

wěngù — Stable, firm, solid, secure and steady

立足之地

lìzú zhī dì — A foothold, place to stand firmly

仿佛

fǎngfú — As if, seemingly, to seem like

处于

chǔyú — To be in a state or situation

一种

yī zhǒng — A kind of, one type of something

无可救治

wú kě jiùzhì — Incurable, beyond remedy, hopelessly irremediable

之中

zhīzhōng — Within, in the midst of something

正如

zhèngrú — Just as, exactly like, as described

诗人

shīrén — Poet, person who writes poetry

语言

yǔyán — Language, speech, words used for communication

描绘

miáohuì — To depict, portray, describe vividly

那般

nà bān — Like that, in that manner, such a way

一片

yī piàn — A stretch of, an expanse of something

幽暗

yōu'àn — Dark and dim, gloomy, obscure shadowy

无际

wú jì — Boundless, limitless, without edge or end

汪洋

wāngyáng — Vast ocean, boundless expanse of water

无边无涯

wú biān wú yá — Without border or shore, utterly boundless

维度

wéidù — Dimension, measure of spatial extent

长宽

cháng kuān — Length and width, horizontal dimensions

与

yǔ — And, together with, connecting two items

高

gāo — Height, tall, high; vertical measurement

时间

shíjiān — Time, the dimension of temporal existence

空间

kōngjiān — Space, room, spatial dimension or area

皆已

jiē yǐ — All have already, everything has done so

消融

xiāoróng — To melt away, dissolve, vanish completely

古老

gǔlǎo — Ancient, age-old, very old and venerable

黑夜

hēiyè — Dark night, the blackness of night

无休止

wú xiūzhǐ — Ceaseless, without pause or stopping

战争

zhànzhēng — War, armed conflict between opposing forces

喧嚣

xuānxiāo — Clamor, uproar, noisy tumult and chaos

中

zhōng — In, among, within, in the middle of

凭借

píngjiè — By means of, relying on, with the help of

永恒

yǒnghéng — Eternal, everlasting, perpetual, timeless

统治

tǒngzhì — To rule, govern, dominate, exercise control

着

zhe — Aspect particle indicating ongoing action or state

无政府

wú zhèngfǔ — Anarchy, without government or governing authority

虚空

xūkōng — Void, emptiness, nothingness, the empty abyss

深感

shēn gǎn — To deeply feel, strongly sense something

凡

fán — Any, all, every; ordinary, common

能

néng — Can, able to, capable of doing

涵盖

hángài — To cover, encompass, include comprehensively

这一

zhè yī — This, referring to a specific aforementioned thing

社会

shèhuì — Society, community, social organization

动荡

dòngdàng — Turmoil, upheaval, turbulence, social instability

叙述

xùshù — Narration, account, to describe or recount

之

zhī — Possessive or linking particle, literary form

统一

tǒngyī — Unity, unified, coherent and harmonious whole

和谐

héxié — Harmony, harmonious, balanced and in accord

完全

wánquán — Completely, entirely, wholly, fully

归功于

guī gōng yú — To attribute credit to, owe success to

历史学家

lìshǐ xuéjiā — Historian, scholar who studies history

才能

cáinéng — Talent, ability, skill, gifted capability

卓越

zhuóyuè — Outstanding, exceptional, remarkable, distinguished

谋篇布局

móu piān bù jú — Skillful structural planning and arrangement of writing