Leviathan — Page 5

Vocabulary

それ

sore — That thing; refers to something near the listener.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, time, or purpose.

も

mo — Particle meaning also, too, or even.

かかわら

kakawara — Stem of かかわらず; meaning regardless of, despite.

ず

zu — Negative verb ending; without doing, not doing.

私

watashi — First-person pronoun; I, me.

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle; of, belonging to.

労作

rōsaku — A work produced with great effort or labor.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle; identifies the grammatical subject.

概ね

おおむね / oomune — Generally, mostly, on the whole.

酷評

kokuhyō — Severe criticism; harsh or scathing review.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix or part of passive construction.

れ

re — Part of passive or potential verb conjugation.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential or related actions.

いる

iru — Auxiliary verb indicating ongoing state or action.

と

to — Particle meaning and, with, or quotation marker.

お気づき

oki-dzuki — Honorific form of noticing or becoming aware of something.

なっ

nat- — Conjugated form of なる; to become.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary; indicates completed action.

場合

baai — Case, situation, or circumstance in which something occurs.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle; indicates the sentence topic.

どうか

dōka — Please; a polite request or plea.

ご

go — Honorific prefix used to show respect to others.

自身

jishin — Oneself; used for emphasis referring to a person.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object.

弁護

bengo — Defense; to speak in defense of someone.

自分

jibun — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the self.

意見

iken — Opinion, view, or personal stance on something.

愛し

aishi — Conjugated form of 愛する; to love dearly.

言う

iu — To say, speak, or express verbally.

こと

koto — Thing, fact, or nominalizer for verb phrases.

すべて

subete — All, everything, the whole of something.

真実

shinjitsu — Truth, reality; what is genuinely true.

思う

omou — To think, feel, or believe something.

人間

ningen — Human being; a person or humanity in general.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or context.

あり

ari — Connective form of ある; to be or exist.

あなた

anata — You; second-person pronoun in Japanese.

ご兄弟

go-kyōdai — Your brothers and sisters; honorific term for siblings.

敬い

uyamai — Respect, reverence; treating someone with honor.

頼み

tanomi — Request, favor, or something one relies upon.

し

shi — Conjunctive form listing reasons or connecting clauses.

ご存知

go-zonji — Honorific expression for knowing or being aware of.

なく

naku — Without; negative connective form of ない.

以下

ika — Below, the following; less than or equal to.

よう

yō — Like, similar to; expressing resemblance or manner.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

肩書き

katagaki — Title, designation, or professional label for a person.

名乗る

nanoru — To give one's name; to claim a title.

僭越

sen'etsu — Presumptuous overstepping of one's authority or position.

犯し

okashi — Conjugated form of 犯す; to commit an offense.

おっしゃっ

osshatt- — Honorific conjugation of 言う; what you are saying.

いただけ

itadake — Humble form requesting a favor; if you could do.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning if or when something occurs.

幸い

saiwai — Fortunate, grateful; it would be a great help.

です

desu — Polite copula; is, am, are in formal speech.

拝啓

haikei — Dear Sir/Madam; formal Japanese letter salutation.

最も

mottomo — Most; superlative adverb indicating the highest degree.

謙虚

kenkyo — Humble, modest; not boastful or arrogant in manner.

従順

jūjun — Obedient, submissive; following instructions without resistance.

なる

naru — To become; indicates a change in state or condition.

僕

boku — I, me; informal masculine first-person pronoun.

より

yori — From; indicates origin, comparison, or starting point.

4月

shigatsu — April; the fourth month of the year.

各章

kakushō — Each chapter; referring to individual chapters separately.

目次

mokuji — Table of contents; list of chapters or sections.

第

dai — Ordinal prefix meaning number, used for ranking chapters.

一

ichi — One; the number one or first in a series.

部

bu — Part, section, or division of a book or work.

つい

tsui — Concerning, about; or unintentionally, accidentally.

序文

jobun — Preface, introduction at the beginning of a text.

感覚

kankaku — Sense, sensation; perception through the five senses.

想像力

sōzōryoku — Imagination; the power to form mental images.

想像

sōzō — Imagination, fancy; mentally picturing something not present.

連鎖

rensa — Chain, series; linked sequence of events or ideas.

または

mata wa — Or; presenting an alternative option between two things.

系列

keiretsu — Series, sequence, or affiliated group of related things.

言語

gengo — Language; a system of human verbal communication.

理性

risei — Reason, rationality; faculty of logical thinking.

科学

kagaku — Science; systematic study of the natural world.

随意

zuii — Voluntary, at will; done freely without compulsion.

運動

undō — Motion, movement, or physical exercise and activity.

内的

naiteki — Internal, inner; relating to what is inside something.

起源

kigen — Origin, source; the beginning or cause of something.

一般

ippan — General, common; applicable to the whole or most cases.

情念

jōnen — Passion, emotion; strong feeling or desire within a person.

呼ば

yoba — Conjugated form of 呼ぶ; to call or name something.

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix in Japanese.

もの

mono — Thing, object; a person or entity in context.

および

oyobi — And, as well as; formal conjunction linking items.

それら

sorera — Those things; plural demonstrative pronoun for multiple items.

表現

hyōgen — Expression; conveying thoughts or feelings through words.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.

言葉

kotoba — Word, language, expression; spoken or written communication.

談論

danron — Discourse, discussion; formal talk or argumentative speech.

目的

mokuteki — Purpose, goal, objective; what one aims to achieve.

結論

ketsuron — Conclusion; final judgment reached after reasoning.

知的

chiteki — Intellectual; relating to the intellect or mental capacity.

徳

toku — Virtue, moral excellence; admirable quality in a person.

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective referring to a nearby thing.

反対

hantai — Opposite, opposition; contrary to or against something.

欠陥

kekkan — Defect, flaw, shortcoming in something or someone.

知識

chishiki — Knowledge, information; what one knows or has learned.

諸々

moromoro — Various, all sorts of; many different kinds of things.

主題

shudai — Subject, theme, main topic of a work or discussion.

権力

kenryoku — Power, authority; ability to control or influence others.

価値

kachi — Value, worth; the importance or usefulness of something.

威厳

igen — Dignity, majesty; commanding respect through bearing.

名誉

meiyo — Honor, glory; high respect or esteem from others.

徳望

tokubo — Moral prestige; reputation based on virtue and integrity.

風習

fūshū — Custom, tradition; established social practice in a community.

差異

sai — Difference, disparity; distinction between two or more things.

宗教

shūkyō — Religion; organized system of belief, worship, or faith.

人類

jinrui — Humankind, humanity; all human beings collectively.

幸福

kōfuku — Happiness, well-being; state of being content and fulfilled.

悲惨

hisan — Misery, wretchedness; extremely unhappy or distressing condition.

関する

kansuru — To relate to, concern; to be about a topic.

自然

shizen — Nature, natural; the physical world or innate character.

状態

jōtai — State, condition; the current situation of something.

二

ni — Two; the number two or second in a series.

自然法

shizenhō — Natural law; moral principles derived from nature or reason.

ならびに

narabini — And, as well as; formal conjunction listing related items.

契約

keiyaku — Contract, agreement; formal binding arrangement between parties.

その他

sonota — Others, the rest; things not previously mentioned specifically.

人格

jinkaku — Personality, character; moral and personal qualities of someone.

著者

chosha — Author, writer; person who wrote a book or work.

擬人化

gijinka — Personification, anthropomorphization; giving human traits to non-humans.

国家

kokka — State, nation; politically organized sovereign territory.

原因

gen'in — Cause, reason; what produces or explains an effect.

成立

seiritsu — Establishment, formation; coming into existence or being founded.

定義

teigi — Definition; formal explanation of a word or concept.

設立

setsuritsu — Establishment, founding; officially creating an organization.

による

ni yoru — By means of, due to; indicating cause or method.

主権者

shukenja — Sovereign, ruler; person or body holding supreme authority.

権利

kenri — Right, entitlement; legal or moral claim to something.

諸

sho — Various, many; prefix indicating plurality of related items.

形態

keitai — Form, type, shape; the particular structure of something.

主権

shuken — Sovereignty; supreme authority over a state or territory.

継承

keishō — Succession, inheritance; taking over rights or a position.