Leviathan — Page 1
Concerning the Thoughts of man, I will consider them first Singly, and afterwards in Trayne, or dependance upon one another.
人間の思考について、私はまずそれらを個別に、次いで連鎖として、すなわち相互の依存関係において考察することにする。
Singly, they are every one a Representation or Apparence, of some quality, or other Accident of a body without us; which is commonly called an Object.
個別に見れば、それらはそれぞれ、我々の外にある物体の何らかの性質またはその他の属性の表象あるいは現象であり、それは一般にオブジェクト（対象）と呼ばれる。
Which Object worketh on the Eyes, Eares, and other parts of mans body; and by diversity of working, produceth diversity of Apparences.
そのオブジェクトは目、耳、およびその他の人体の部位に作用し、その作用の多様性によって多様な現象を生み出す。
The Originall of them all, is that which we call Sense; (For there is no conception in a mans mind, which hath not at first, totally, or by parts, been begotten upon the organs of Sense.)
それらすべての根源は、我々が感覚と呼ぶものである。（なぜなら、人間の心の中には、最初から全体として、あるいは部分的に、感覚器官によって生み出されなかった観念は一つも存在しないからである。）
The rest are derived from that originall.
残りはすべてその根源から派生したものである。
To know the naturall cause of Sense, is not very necessary to the business now in hand; and I have els-where written of the same at large.
感覚の自然的原因を知ることは、今取り組んでいる問題にとってそれほど必要なことではなく、また私はその同じことについてすでに他の場所で詳しく論じた。
Nevertheless, to fill each part of my present method, I will briefly deliver the same in this place.
それにもかかわらず、現在の論述の各部分を完全なものにするために、私はここで簡潔にそれを述べることにする。
The cause of Sense, is the Externall Body, or Object, which presseth the organ proper to each Sense, either immediatly, as in the Tast and Touch; or mediately, as in Seeing, Hearing, and Smelling:
感覚の原因は、外部の物体すなわちオブジェクトであり、それは各感覚に固有の器官を押圧する。味覚と触覚においては直接的に、視覚、聴覚、嗅覚においては間接的にそれを行う。
which pressure, by the mediation of Nerves, and other strings, and membranes of the body, continued inwards to the Brain, and Heart, causeth there a resistance, or counter-pressure, or endeavour of the heart, to deliver it self:
その圧力は、神経および身体のその他の腱や膜の媒介によって内部へと伝わり脳と心臓に至り、そこに抵抗、すなわち反対の圧力、あるいは心臓がそれ自体を解放しようとする努力を引き起こす。
which endeavour because Outward, seemeth to be some matter without.
その努力は外向きであるがゆえに、外部に何らかの事物が存在するかのように思われる。
Vocabulary
- 人間
- ningen — Human being; mankind; a person
- の
- no — Possessive or descriptive particle connecting nouns
- 思考
- shikou — Thought; thinking; cognitive process
- に
- ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or target
- つい
- tsui — Concerning; about; regarding something
- て
- te — Conjunctive particle connecting verb phrases
- 私
- watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun
- は
- wa — Topic marker particle highlighting sentence subject
- まず
- mazu — First of all; to begin with
- それ
- sore — That; it; referring to something previously mentioned
- ら
- ra — Plural suffix indicating multiple items or people
- を
- wo — Object marker particle indicating direct object
- 個別
- kobetsu — Individual; separate; distinct items considered separately
- 次い
- tsuide — Next; subsequently; following after something else
- で
- de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or scope
- 連鎖
- rensa — Chain; series; linked sequence of events
- と
- to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker
- し
- shi — Conjunctive verb form; and; doing something
- すなわち
- sunawachi — That is to say; namely; in other words
- 相互
- sougo — Mutual; reciprocal; between each other
- 依存
- izon — Dependence; reliance on something or someone
- 関係
- kankei — Relationship; connection; association between things
- おい
- oite — At; in; regarding (used in formal written expressions)
- 考察
- kousatsu — Examination; consideration; careful analysis of a topic
- する
- suru — To do; to perform; general-purpose action verb
- こと
- koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer turning verbs into nouns
- 見れ
- mire — If one looks; conditional form of 'to see'
- ば
- ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'
- それぞれ
- sorezore — Each; respectively; every one individually
- 我々
- wareware — We; us; first-person plural pronoun (formal)
- 外
- soto / hoka — Outside; external; other than something
- ある
- aru — To exist; to be; there is (for inanimate things)
- 物体
- buttai — Physical object; material body; tangible thing
- 何らか
- nanraka — Some kind of; some sort; a certain unspecified type
- 性質
- seishitsu — Nature; property; characteristic quality of something
- また
- mata — Also; again; moreover; in addition
- その他
- sonota — Other; the rest; other related things
- 属性
- zokusei — Attribute; property; characteristic feature of an entity
- 表象
- hyoushou — Representation; mental image; symbolic depiction
- あるい
- aruiwa — Or; alternatively; either one of two options
- 現象
- genshou — Phenomenon; observable occurrence or event
- あり
- ari — Existence; being; there is (classical/formal form)
- 一般
- ippan — General; common; ordinary; applicable to all cases
- オブジェクト
- obujekuto — Object (loanword); entity in computing or philosophy
- 対象
- taishou — Object; target; subject of attention or action
- 呼ば
- yoba — Called; named; passive stem of 'to call'
- れる
- reru — Passive auxiliary verb indicating action done to subject
- その
- sono — That; the; demonstrative adjective for nearby concepts
- 目
- me — Eye; the organ of sight
- 耳
- mimi — Ear; the organ of hearing
- および
- oyobi — And; as well as; in addition to (formal)
- 人体
- jintai — Human body; the physical body of a person
- 部位
- bui — Body part; specific region or location on a body
- 作用
- sayou — Action; effect; function; influence on something
- 多様性
- tayousei — Diversity; variety; multiplicity of different forms
- よっ
- yotte — By means of; due to; through (cause/means particle)
- 多様
- tayou — Diverse; varied; having many different forms
- な
- na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns
- 生み出す
- umidasu — To produce; to generate; to create something new
- それら
- sorera — Those; them; plural reference to previously mentioned items
- すべて
- subete — All; everything; every single one
- 根源
- kongen — Root; origin; fundamental source of something
- が
- ga — Subject marker particle identifying grammatical subject
- 感覚
- kankaku — Sensation; sense; perception through sensory organs
- 呼ぶ
- yobu — To call; to name; to refer to something as
- もの
- mono — Thing; something; that which is referred to
- なぜなら
- nazenara — Because; the reason being; for the following reason
- 心
- kokoro — Heart; mind; spirit; inner emotional state
- 中
- naka — Inside; middle; within; among
- 最初
- saisho — First; beginning; the very start of something
- から
- kara — From; since; because; starting point particle
- 全体
- zentai — Whole; entirety; the complete total of something
- 部分的
- bubunteki — Partial; not complete; relating to only one part
- 器官
- kikan — Organ; bodily organ performing a specific function
- 生み出さ
- umidasa — To produce; stem form of 'to generate or create'
- れ
- re — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix form
- なかっ
- nakatta — Was not; negative past form of existence verb
- た
- ta — Past tense auxiliary; indicates completed action
- 観念
- kannen — Idea; notion; concept held in the mind
- 一つ
- hitotsu — One; a single item; one unit of something
- も
- mo — Also; even; too; inclusive particle adding emphasis
- 存在
- sonzai — Existence; being; the state of existing
- ない
- nai — Not; does not exist; negative form of verbs
- 残り
- nokori — Remainder; the rest; what is left over
- 派生
- hasei — Derivation; stemming from; originating from a source
- 自然的
- shizenteki — Natural; occurring naturally; in accordance with nature
- 原因
- gen'in — Cause; reason; factor producing a certain effect
- 知る
- shiru — To know; to learn; to become aware of
- 今
- ima — Now; at this moment; currently
- 取り組ん
- torikun — To tackle; engage with; grappling with a problem
- いる
- iru — To be; to exist (animate); progressive aspect auxiliary
- 問題
- mondai — Problem; question; issue requiring resolution
- とっ
- totte — For; regarding; from the perspective of someone
- それほど
- sorehodo — That much; to that extent; so very much
- 必要
- hitsuyou — Necessary; needed; required for a purpose
- なく
- naku — Without; not being; negative connective verb form
- 同じ
- onaji — Same; identical; equal; not different
- すでに
- sudeni — Already; by now; having been done previously
- 他
- hoka — Other; another; elsewhere; different place or thing
- 場所
- basho — Place; location; spot; specific physical location
- 詳しく
- kuwashiku — In detail; thoroughly; with full explanation
- 論じ
- ronji — To discuss; to argue; to examine in discourse
- かかわら
- kakawarazu — Regardless; despite; notwithstanding something
- ず
- zu — Negative verb suffix; without doing; not doing
- 現在
- genzai — Present; current time; now; the present moment
- 論述
- ronjutsu — Exposition; written argument; detailed verbal explanation
- 各
- kaku — Each; every; respective; each individual item
- 部分
- bubun — Part; portion; section of a larger whole
- 完全
- kanzen — Complete; perfect; total; lacking nothing
- ため
- tame — For; in order to; for the sake of
- ここ
- koko — Here; this place; the current location
- 簡潔
- kanketsu — Concise; brief; expressing ideas in few words
- 述べる
- noberu — To state; to describe; to express in words
- 外部
- gaibu — External; outside; the exterior area or region
- 固有
- koyuu — Inherent; unique; peculiar to a specific thing
- 押圧
- ouatsu — Pressure; pressing down; application of compressive force
- 味覚
- mikaku — Sense of taste; the gustatory sensory faculty
- 触覚
- shokkaku — Sense of touch; tactile perception of surfaces
- 直接的
- chokusetuteki — Direct; immediate; without intermediary steps
- 視覚
- shikaku — Sense of sight; visual perception through eyes
- 聴覚
- choukaku — Sense of hearing; auditory perception through ears
- 嗅覚
- kyuukaku — Sense of smell; olfactory perception through nose
- 間接的
- kansetuteki — Indirect; mediated; not acting in a direct manner
- 行う
- okonau — To carry out; to perform; to conduct an action
- 圧力
- atsuryoku — Pressure; force applied to a surface or person
- 神経
- shinkei — Nerve; neural pathway transmitting sensory signals
- 身体
- shintai — Body; the physical human body as a whole
- 腱
- ken — Tendon; fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone
- や
- ya — And; listing particle connecting multiple similar items
- 膜
- maku — Membrane; thin layer of tissue covering organs
- 媒介
- baikai — Medium; intermediary; means of transmitting something
- 内部
- naibu — Interior; inside; the inner part of something
- へ
- e — Toward; in the direction of; directional particle
- 伝わり
- tsutawari — Transmitted; conveyed; being passed along a path
- 脳
- nou — Brain; the central organ of the nervous system
- 心臓
- shinzou — Heart; the organ pumping blood through the body
- 至り
- itari — Reaching; arriving at; extending all the way to
- そこ
- soko — There; that place; the location just mentioned
- 抵抗
- teikou — Resistance; opposition; pushing back against a force
- 反対
- hantai — Opposition; opposite; against; contrary direction
- 自体
- jitai — Itself; in itself; the thing itself without addition
- 解放
- kaihou — Liberation; release; setting free from constraint
- しよう
- shiyou — Let's do; volitional form expressing intention to act
- 努力
- doryoku — Effort; endeavor; striving hard toward a goal
- 引き起こす
- hikiokosu — To cause; to trigger; to bring about an event
- 外向き
- sotomuki — Outward; facing outward; directed toward the outside
- ゆえ
- yue — Therefore; because; for that reason (formal/literary)
- 事物
- jibutsu — Things; objects; matters existing in the world
- か
- ka — Question particle; or; indicating uncertainty or choice
- よう
- you — Seems like; appears to be; resembling something
- 思わ
- omowa — Think; believe; stem form of 'to feel or think'
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