Leviathan — Page 3
So that Sense in all cases, is nothing els but originall fancy, caused (as I have said) by the pressure, that is, by the motion, of externall things upon our Eyes, Eares, and other organs thereunto ordained.
したがって、あらゆる場合において、感覚とは、私が述べたように、外部の事物が我々の目、耳、およびそのために設けられた他の器官に与える圧力、すなわち運動によって引き起こされる、根源的な空想に他ならない。
But the Philosophy-schooles, through all the Universities of Christendome, grounded upon certain Texts of Aristotle, teach another doctrine; and say, For the cause of Vision, that the thing seen, sendeth forth on every side a Visible Species(in English) a Visible Shew, Apparition, or Aspect, or a Being Seen; the receiving whereof into the Eye, is Seeing.
しかし、キリスト教世界のすべての大学における哲学学校は、アリストテレスの特定の文章に基づいて、別の教義を教えており、視覚の原因について、見られた事物があらゆる方向に可視的な種（英語で言えば）可視的な表示、幻影、様相、あるいは見られる存在を発し、それを目が受け取ることが視覚であると言う。
And for the cause of Hearing, that the thing heard, sendeth forth an Audible Species, that is, an Audible Aspect, or Audible Being Seen; which entring at the Eare, maketh Hearing.
また、聴覚の原因については、聞かれた事物が可聴的な種、すなわち可聴的な様相あるいは可聴的に見られる存在を発し、それが耳に入ることで聴覚が生じると言う。
Nay for the cause of Understanding also, they say the thing Understood sendeth forth Intelligible Species, that is, an Intelligible Being Seen; which comming into the Understanding, makes us Understand.
さらに、理解の原因についても、理解された事物が可知的な種、すなわち可知的に見られる存在を発し、それが理性に入ることで我々は理解するのだと言う。
I say not this, as disapproving the use of Universities: but because I am to speak hereafter of their office in a Common-wealth, I must let you see on all occasions by the way, what things would be amended in them; amongst which the frequency of insignificant Speech is one.
私はこれを大学の存在を否定するために言っているのではない。しかし、国家における大学の役割について後に論じる予定であるため、折に触れてその中で改めるべき事柄を示しておかなければならない。その中の一つが、無意味な言説の頻用である。
Vocabulary
- したがって
- shitagatte — therefore; consequently; as a result
- あらゆる
- arayuru — every; all kinds of; any possible
- 場合
- baai — case; situation; circumstance; occasion
- において
- ni oite — in; at; regarding; in the context of
- 感覚
- kankaku — sense; sensation; feeling; perception
- と
- to — and; with; quotation particle
- は
- wa — topic marker particle
- 私
- watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun
- が
- ga — subject marker particle
- 述べた
- nobeta — stated; described; expressed (past tense)
- よう
- you — manner; way; as; like; seems that
- に
- ni — directional or locative particle; to; at
- 外部
- gaibu — exterior; outside; external part
- の
- no — possessive or nominalizing particle
- 事物
- jibutsu — things; objects; matters; phenomena
- 我々
- wareware — we; us; first-person plural pronoun
- 目
- me — eye; organ of sight
- 耳
- mimi — ear; organ of hearing
- および
- oyobi — and; as well as; together with
- その
- sono — that; those (demonstrative modifier)
- ため
- tame — for; because of; purpose; sake
- 設け
- mouke — establish; set up; provide; arrange
- られ
- rare — passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix
- た
- ta — past tense auxiliary; completed action
- 他
- ta / hoka — other; another; the rest
- 器官
- kikan — organ; bodily organ; biological structure
- 与える
- ataeru — to give; to grant; to provide; to cause
- 圧力
- atsuryoku — pressure; force; stress; coercion
- すなわち
- sunawachi — that is; namely; in other words
- 運動
- undou — motion; movement; exercise; campaign
- によって
- ni yotte — by means of; due to; depending on
- 引き起こさ
- hikiokoса — cause; bring about; trigger; provoke
- れる
- reru — passive voice auxiliary verb suffix
- 根源
- kongen — root; origin; source; fundamental cause
- 的
- teki — suffix forming adjective; -like; -al
- な
- na — adjective linking particle; don't (prohibition)
- 空想
- kuusou — fantasy; imagination; daydream; fancy
- なら
- nara — if; in that case; conditional particle
- ない
- nai — negation suffix; not; does not exist
- しかし
- shikashi — however; but; nevertheless; yet
- すべて
- subete — all; everything; entirely; wholly
- 大学
- daigaku — university; college; higher education institution
- における
- ni okeru — in; at; within (formal attributive form)
- 哲学
- tetsugaku — philosophy; philosophical study
- 学校
- gakkou — school; educational institution
- 特定
- tokutei — specific; particular; specified; designated
- 文章
- bunshou — sentence; text; written passage
- 基づい
- motozui — based on; grounded in; founded upon
- て
- te — conjunctive particle connecting clauses
- 別
- betsu — different; separate; another; distinct
- 教義
- kyougi — doctrine; dogma; creed; teaching
- を
- wo — object marker particle
- 教え
- oshie — teaching; instruction; doctrine; lesson
- おり
- ori — being; existing (humble continuous form)
- 視覚
- shikaku — sense of sight; visual perception
- 原因
- gen'in — cause; reason; origin of an event
- について
- ni tsuite — about; concerning; regarding
- 見
- mi — seeing; looking; viewing
- 方向
- houkou — direction; orientation; course; way
- 可視
- kashi — visible; perceptible to the eye
- 種
- shu — kind; type; species; sort
- 英語
- eigo — English language
- で
- de — at; by means of; particle of means/location
- 言え
- ie — say; express; can say (potential form)
- ば
- ba — conditional particle; if; when
- 表示
- hyouji — display; indication; representation; showing
- 幻影
- gen'ei — phantom; illusion; specter; vision
- 様相
- yousou — aspect; appearance; phase; modality
- あるい
- arui — or; either; possibly (shortened form)
- られる
- rareru — passive or potential auxiliary verb
- 存在
- sonzai — existence; being; presence
- 発し
- hasshi — emit; send out; issue; originate
- それ
- sore — that; it; third-person demonstrative pronoun
- 受け取る
- uketoru — receive; accept; take in; pick up
- こと
- koto — thing; fact; matter; nominalizer particle
- ある
- aru — to exist; to be; to have (inanimate)
- 言う
- iu — to say; to speak; to tell; to call
- また
- mata — also; again; moreover; furthermore
- 聴覚
- choukaku — sense of hearing; auditory perception
- 聞か
- kika — hear; listen to (stem form)
- れ
- re — passive voice auxiliary verb (short form)
- 可聴
- kachou — audible; perceptible by hearing
- 入る
- hairu — to enter; to go in; to come in
- 生じる
- shoujiru — to occur; to arise; to be produced
- さらに
- sarani — furthermore; in addition; even more
- 理解
- rikai — understanding; comprehension; grasp of meaning
- も
- mo — also; too; even; as well (particle)
- さ
- sa — nominalizing suffix; degree; extent
- 理性
- risei — reason; rationality; intellect
- する
- suru — to do; to perform; to make
- だ
- da — copula; is; am; are (plain form)
- これ
- kore — this; this thing (near demonstrative)
- 否定
- hitei — denial; negation; rejection; refusal
- 言っ
- it(te) — say; said (conjunctive or past stem)
- いる
- iru — to be; to exist (animate beings)
- 国家
- kokka — state; nation; country; sovereign entity
- 役割
- yakuwari — role; function; part; duty
- 後
- ato / nochi — after; later; behind; subsequent
- 論じる
- ronjiru — to discuss; to argue; to debate
- 予定
- yotei — plan; schedule; arrangement; expectation
- 折
- ori — occasion; time; opportunity; moment
- 触れ
- fure — touch; come into contact; mention briefly
- 中
- naka / chuu — inside; middle; among; during
- 改める
- aratameru — to revise; to reform; to correct; to renew
- べき
- beki — should; ought to; must (obligation)
- 事柄
- kotogara — matter; thing; affair; subject
- 示し
- shimeshi — show; indicate; demonstrate; point out
- おか
- oka — place; put (stem of おく, preparatory form)
- なけれ
- nakere — must; have to (negative conditional stem)
- 一つ
- hitotsu — one; one thing; a single item
- 無意味
- muimi — meaningless; nonsensical; pointless; absurd
- 言説
- gensetsu — discourse; statement; argument; narrative
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