Leviathan — Page 4

Vocabulary

အကြောင်းမူကား

a-kyaung mu ka: — The reason being; because of this particular matter

၊

(comma pause mark) — Burmese punctuation mark indicating a short pause

တစ်ဖက်

tit hpet — One side; on the other hand

တွင်

twìn — In; at; within a place or context

လွတ်လပ်

lwat lap — Free; independent; having liberty

ခွင့်

khwìn — Permission; right; leave to do something

အလွန်

a-lwùn — Extremely; very; exceedingly beyond normal degree

များပြား

mya: pya: — Abundant; numerous; existing in large quantities

ရေး

yé: — To write; concerning; relating to a matter

အတွက်

a-twet — For; for the sake of; because of

ဆင်ဆင်

hsìn hsìn — Similarly; resembling; in a comparable manner

ခြင်

chìn — Verbal nominalizer suffix; act of doing something

ငြင်းခုံ

nyìn khoun — To argue; debate; dispute with someone

သော

dhɔ̀ — Relative clause marker; which; that; who

သူများ

thu mya: — People; other people; those persons

နှင့်

hnìn — And; with; together with another person or thing

အခြား

a-chá: — Other; another; different from this one

အာဏာ

a-na — Power; authority; political or official power

ကြီးမား

kji: ma: — Great; large; enormous in size or importance

ဖြင့်

hpyìn — By means of; with; using a particular method

ဝိုင်းရံ

wàin yan — To surround; encircle; gather around something

နေသည့်

ne dhìn — Which is living; that stays; residing at place

လမ်း

làn — Road; path; way; street or route

နှစ်ဖက်

hnit hpet — Both sides; two sides; each party involved

စလုံး

sa loun: — Both; all; every one of them together

၏

è — Possessive particle; of; belonging to someone

အချက်

a-chet — Point; key fact; important detail or element

များ

mya: — Plural marker; many; more than one thing

ကြား

kja: — Between; among; in the middle of things

မှ

hmah — From; since; out of a place or time

ဒဏ်ရာ

dàn ya — Wound; injury; physical harm to the body

မရ

ma ya — Cannot get; unable to obtain or achieve something

ဘဲ

bɛ̀ — Without doing; not doing; negative adverbial suffix

ဖြတ်သန်း

hpyat thàn — To pass through; traverse; go across a period

ရန်

yan — In order to; so as to achieve a purpose

ခက်ခဲ

khet khɛ̀ — Difficult; hard; challenging to accomplish or endure

လှ

hlah — Beautiful; lovely; aesthetically pleasing appearance

ပေသည်

pe dhì — Indeed is; surely is; affirmative sentence-final particle

။

(full stop mark) — Burmese punctuation mark indicating end of sentence

သို့သော်

dhò dhɔ̀ — However; but; nevertheless; despite that

လည်း

lɛ̀ — Also; too; as well; additionally in context

ကျွန်ုပ်

kjànoup — I; me; formal first-person singular pronoun

ထင်မြင်

htìn myìn — To think; to have an opinion or view

သည်မှာ

dhì hmah — That is; as for this; topic focus marker

နိုင်ငံတော်

nàin ngàn dɔ̀ — The state; nation; government of a country

ကို

ko — Accusative particle; to; marking the object of verb

မြှင့်တင်

hmyìn tìn — To promote; elevate; raise up to higher level

ကြိုးပမ်း

kjo: pàn — To strive; make effort; try hard to achieve

ခြင်း

chìn — Nominalizing suffix indicating the act of doing

ကိုယ်တိုင်

ko dàin — Oneself; personally; by one's own action

က

ka — Subject marker particle; the one who does something

ရှုတ်ချ

shout chah — To denounce; condemn; criticize harshly someone's actions

သင့်သည်

dhìn dhì — Should; ought to; it is appropriate to do

မဟုတ်

ma hout — Is not; not true; negation of being or identity

ပေ

pe — Sentence-final particle adding emphasis or affirmation

ထိုနည်း

htò nè — In that same way; likewise; similarly to that

တူစွာ

tu zwà — Equally; similarly; in the same manner

ပုဂ္ဂလိက

poukka lìk — Private; personal; relating to an individual person

သည်

dhì — Present tense marker; is; indicative sentence particle

၎င်း

dìn ji: — That aforementioned thing or person; it; he; she

ဝေဖန်

wè hpan — To criticize; comment critically; analyze with judgment

ကဲ့ရဲ့

kɛ̀ yɛ̀ — To scold; rebuke; criticize someone harshly verbally

ထို

htò — That; those; demonstrative pronoun pointing to something

လွန်း

lwùn — Too; excessively; overly beyond acceptable degree

ဟု

hu — Quotative particle; saying that; thus said

မိမိတို့

mèmè dó — We ourselves; they themselves; reflexive plural pronoun

ယုံကြည်

youn kji — To believe; trust; have faith in something

ကြောင်း

kjàun — Complementizer; reporting particle; that something is so

ကြေညာ

kje nya — To announce; declare; proclaim publicly to others

ထိုမျှ

htò hmyah — That much; to that extent; so much as that

မက

ma ka — Not only; more than just; in addition beyond

လူသား

lu tha: — Human being; mankind; member of humanity

အကြောင်း

a-kjàun — Reason; cause; topic; subject matter of discussion

မပြော

ma pyɔ̀ — Not to say; not to speak; without mentioning

သော်လည်း

dhɔ̀ lɛ̀ — Even though; although; despite the fact that

စိတ်ကူးယဉ်

seit ku yìn — Imagination; fantasy; daydream; fanciful mental imagery

သဘော

tha-bɔ̀ — Meaning; sense; idea; nature of something

အားဖြင့်

a: hpyìn — In terms of; by means of; regarding a matter

ထိုင်ခုံ

htàin khoun — Chair; seat; something to sit upon

ကိုသာ

ko tha — Only; solely; exclusively emphasizing the object marked

ပြော

pyɔ̀ — To say; speak; tell; express verbally to others

ရှိ

shì — To exist; there is; to have; to be present

ရိုးစင်း

yò sìn — Simple; plain; straightforward; uncomplicated in nature

မတ်ကျ

mat kjah — Upright; straight; vertical; standing erect and proper

သည့်

dhìn — Relative clause particle; that; which; who modifying noun

သတ္တဝါ

thatta wa — Living creature; animal; sentient being; fauna

တူသကဲ့သို့

tu tha kɛ̀ dhò — Just as; similar to; in the same way as

၎င်းတို့

dìn ji: dó — They; those aforementioned people or things; plural reference

ဆူညံ

sù nyàn — Noisy; loud; clamorous; making a lot of noise

သံ

thàn — Sound; voice; tone; metallic sound or voice

အတွင်း

a-twìn — Inside; within; interior of a space or period

ကာကွယ်

ka kwɛ̀ — To protect; defend; guard against harm or threat

ခဲ့သည်

khɛ̀ dhì — Past tense marker; did; has done previously

ကြောင့်

kjàun — Because of; due to; as a result of cause

နေရာ

ne ya — Place; location; spot; position in a space

သာ

tha — Only; just; merely; exclusive limiting particle

အပြင်

a-pyìn — Outside; exterior; beyond the boundary of something

တစ်ပါး

tit pa: — Another; other; a separate person or entity

သို့မဟုတ်

dhò ma hout — Or; otherwise; alternatively; one option or another

ရှိသေး

shì dhé: — Still exists; still has; continues to be present

လျှင်

lyin — If; when; conditional particle in a sentence

ထောက်ခံ

htout khan — To support; endorse; back up someone's position

မည်သူ့

mì dhu — Whoever; anyone; no matter who the person is

ကိုမျှ

ko hmyah — To even; not even; emphasizing negation about object

ထိခိုက်

htit khouk — To be harmed; hurt; adversely affected by something

ကျရောက်

kja yout — To befall; fall upon; occur to someone adversely

စေမည်

se mì — Will cause to; will make someone do something

အများဆုံး

a-mya: zoun — Most; the greatest number; maximum among all things

စိတ်ဆိုး

seit sò — Angry; upset; displeased; having bad feelings toward someone

စရာ

sa ya — Worth doing; reason to; cause for some action

ဖြစ်နိုင်

hpyit naing — Possible; can happen; might be; could occur

အခြားသူများ

a-chá: thu mya: — Other people; others; different persons besides oneself

ပုံမှန်

poun hmàn — Normal; regular; usual; standard; ordinary practice

အသုံးပြု

a-thoun pyu — To use; to utilize; to make use of something

လေ့

lɛ̀ — Habit; tendency; customary practice; usually does something

ရှိသည်

shì dhì — There is; exists; has; is present at location

ထက်

htet — Than; more than; comparatively greater than something

ကွဲပြား

kwɛ̀ pya: — Different; distinct; varied; diverging from one another

ရည်ရွယ်ချက်

yì ywɛ̀ chet — Purpose; intention; aim; objective behind an action

ကိုးကား

kó: ka: — To refer to; cite; quote from a source

အချို့

a-chó — Some; a few; certain ones among a group

ဖြစ်သည်

hpyit dhì — Is; becomes; exists as; to be something

ထိုသို့

htò dhò — In that way; thus; like that; in such manner

ထိုက်တန်

htouk tan — Worthy; deserving; meriting; appropriate for one's status

နိမ့်ချ

naing chah — To demean; belittle; lower; degrade someone's dignity

စိတ်

seit — Mind; heart; feeling; spirit; mental state or emotion

ပြုလုပ်

pyu louk — To do; perform; carry out; execute an action

ခဲ့

khɛ̀ — Past tense auxiliary; did; indicates completed action

ပြီး

pji: — After; already; having completed; done and finished

အကြောင်းအရာ

a-kjàun a-ya — Subject matter; topic; content; the matter discussed

ဆက်စပ်

set sap — Related; connected; linked; having relevance to something

၍

ywe — And so; therefore; connective particle linking clauses

မဖြစ်

ma hpyit — Cannot be; does not become; impossibility negation

မနေ

ma ne — Cannot stay; will not remain; negative of residing

ရမည်

ya mì — Must get; shall; will have to; obligatory future

အကြောင်းမှာ

a-kjàun hmah — The reason is; the matter is; as for the cause

ရန်သူ

yan thu — Enemy; foe; opponent; hostile person or adversary

ပြင်ပ

pyìn pa — Outside; external; beyond the boundary or organization

ဖြစ်ပြီး

hpyit pji: — Being; having become; after being; and also being

ထိုမှ

htò hmah — From that; from there; thereafter; starting from that

နေ၍

ne ywe — Being; while staying; and so; living and therefore

တိုက်ခိုက်

touk khouk — To attack; fight against; assault; engage in combat

ကြသော

kja dhɔ̀ — Plural relative marker; those who; people who do