Leviathan — Page 3
Neither Thomas Hobbes nor his typesetters seem to have had many inhibitions about spelling and punctuation.
托马斯·霍布斯和他的排字工人对拼写和标点似乎都没有太多的顾忌。
I have tried to reproduce both exactly, with the exception of the introduction of quotation marks.
我已尽量原样保留这两者，唯一的例外是引入了引号。
In preparing the text, I have found that it has much more meaning if I read it with sub-vocalization, or aloud, rather than trying to read silently.
在整理文本的过程中，我发现若以轻声默读或朗读的方式阅读，而非纯粹默读，文本的意义会丰富得多。
Hobbes' use of emphasis and his eccentric punctuation and construction seem then to work.
霍布斯对重音的运用以及他那独特的标点和句式结构，由此便显出了其效用。
TO MY MOST HONOR'D FRIEND Mr. FRANCIS GODOLPHIN of GODOLPHIN
致我最尊敬的友人戈多尔芬的弗朗西斯·戈多尔芬先生
HONOR'D SIR.
尊敬的先生。
Your most worthy Brother Mr SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, when he lived, was pleas'd to think my studies something, and otherwise to oblige me, as you know, with reall testimonies of his good opinion, great in themselves, and the greater for the worthinesse of his person.
您最可敬的兄长西德尼·戈多尔芬先生，在世时曾对我的学问有所赏识，并以其他方式惠顾于我，如您所知，以切实的行动表达了他对我的良好评价，这份情谊本身已属厚重，因他人格之高尚而愈显珍贵。
For there is not any vertue that disposeth a man, either to the service of God, or to the service of his Country, to Civill Society, or private Friendship, that did not manifestly appear in his conversation, not as acquired by necessity, or affected upon occasion, but inhaerent, and shining in a generous constitution of his nature.
因为凡能引导人去侍奉上帝、效力国家、参与公民社会或维系私人友谊的一切美德，皆在他的为人处世中显而易见，并非出于必要而习得，亦非逢场作戏，而是内在固有、熠熠闪耀于他那慷慨豁达的天性之中。
Therefore in honour and gratitude to him, and with devotion to your selfe, I humbly Dedicate unto you this my discourse of Common-wealth.
因此，为表对他的敬意与感激，并以虔诚之心献于您，我谨将这篇关于国家的论著敬呈于您。
I know not how the world will receive it, nor how it may reflect on those that shall seem to favour it.
我不知世人将如何接受此书，亦不知它将如何影响那些似乎赞许此书之人的声誉。
Vocabulary
- 和
- hé — And; used to connect nouns or clauses
- 他
- tā — He; third-person singular masculine pronoun
- 的
- de — Possessive or attributive particle
- 排字
- páizì — Typesetting; arranging type for printing
- 工人
- gōngrén — Worker; a person who performs manual labor
- 对
- duì — Regarding; toward; with respect to
- 拼写
- pīnxiě — Spelling; the way words are spelled
- 标点
- biāodiǎn — Punctuation; marks used to clarify written text
- 似乎
- sìhū — Seemingly; it appears that; apparently
- 都
- dōu — All; both; indicating totality
- 没有
- méiyǒu — Do not have; there is no; lack
- 太多
- tài duō — Too much; excessively many or large
- 顾忌
- gùjì — Scruple; hesitation due to worry about consequences
- 我
- wǒ — I; me; first-person singular pronoun
- 已
- yǐ — Already; having done something prior
- 尽量
- jǐnliàng — As much as possible; to the greatest extent
- 原样
- yuányàng — Original form; unchanged appearance or state
- 保留
- bǎoliú — Retain; keep; preserve something as it is
- 这
- zhè — This; referring to something nearby or mentioned
- 两者
- liǎngzhě — Both; the two mentioned items or parties
- 唯一
- wéiyī — Only; sole; the single exception or instance
- 例外
- lìwài — Exception; a case that does not follow the rule
- 是
- shì — Is; to be; linking verb
- 引入
- yǐnrù — Introduce; bring in something new
- 了
- le — Particle indicating completed action or change
- 引号
- yǐnhào — Quotation marks; punctuation enclosing quoted text
- 在
- zài — In; at; during; preposition of location or time
- 整理
- zhěnglǐ — Organize; sort out; put in order
- 文本
- wénběn — Text; written or printed content of a document
- 过程
- guòchéng — Process; course of events or actions
- 中
- zhōng — In; within; among; inside
- 发现
- fāxiàn — Discover; find; realize something previously unknown
- 若
- ruò — If; supposing; a literary conditional particle
- 以
- yǐ — With; by means of; using a method
- 轻声
- qīngshēng — Soft voice; reading quietly or in a whisper
- 默读
- mòdú — Silent reading; reading without speaking aloud
- 或
- huò — Or; either; an alternative conjunction
- 朗读
- lǎngdú — Read aloud; recite clearly and loudly
- 方式
- fāngshì — Method; way; manner of doing something
- 阅读
- yuèdú — Read; the act of reading text
- 而非
- ér fēi — Rather than; instead of; as opposed to
- 纯粹
- chúncuì — Purely; merely; solely without other elements
- 意义
- yìyì — Meaning; significance; the sense conveyed
- 会
- huì — Will; can; expressing ability or future possibility
- 丰富
- fēngfù — Rich; abundant; plentiful in variety or content
- 得多
- de duō — Much more; by a great degree (comparative)
- 重音
- zhòngyīn — Stress; emphasis placed on a syllable or word
- 运用
- yùnyòng — Apply; make use of; employ skillfully
- 以及
- yǐjí — As well as; and also; together with
- 那
- nà — That; referring to something more distant
- 独特
- dútè — Unique; distinctive; unlike anything else
- 句式
- jùshì — Sentence structure; the pattern of a sentence
- 结构
- jiégòu — Structure; framework; the way parts are arranged
- 由此
- yóucǐ — From this; thereby; as a result of this
- 便
- biàn — Then; thereupon; a literary resultative adverb
- 显出
- xiǎnchū — Show; reveal; make apparent or visible
- 其
- qí — Its; their; his; literary possessive pronoun
- 效用
- xiàoyòng — Utility; effectiveness; practical use or value
- 致
- zhì — To; addressed to; a literary preposition
- 最
- zuì — Most; the superlative degree modifier
- 尊敬
- zūnjìng — Respect; esteem; regard someone highly
- 友人
- yǒurén — Friend; a person one has friendship with
- 先生
- xiānsheng — Mr.; sir; a respectful title for a man
- 您
- nín — You (formal); polite second-person pronoun
- 可敬
- kějìng — Respectable; worthy of admiration and respect
- 兄长
- xiōngzhǎng — Elder brother; a respectful term for an older male
- 在世
- zàishì — Alive; living in the world; still living
- 时
- shí — When; at the time of; temporal marker
- 曾
- céng — Once; formerly; indicating past experience
- 学问
- xuéwèn — Knowledge; scholarship; learning and erudition
- 有所
- yǒusuǒ — To some extent; have some degree of something
- 赏识
- shǎngshí — Appreciate; recognize and value someone's talent
- 并
- bìng — And; also; moreover; a coordinating conjunction
- 其他
- qítā — Other; the rest; additional things or people
- 惠顾
- huìgù — Patronage; kind favor or generous attention
- 于
- yú — At; in; to; a literary preposition of location
- 如
- rú — As; like; such as; a comparative particle
- 所知
- suǒ zhī — What one knows; one's knowledge or awareness
- 切实
- qièshí — Practical; concrete; genuinely effective
- 行动
- xíngdòng — Action; deed; to take action or act
- 表达
- biǎodá — Express; convey feelings or ideas in words
- 良好
- liánghǎo — Good; favorable; fine condition or quality
- 评价
- píngjià — Evaluation; assessment; opinion of worth
- 这份
- zhè fèn — This portion; this share; referring to something specific
- 情谊
- qíngyì — Friendship; affection; bonds between people
- 本身
- běnshēn — Itself; in itself; intrinsically
- 已属
- yǐ shǔ — Already constitutes; already counts as something
- 厚重
- hòuzhòng — Profound; weighty; substantial in value or depth
- 因
- yīn — Because of; due to; a causal conjunction
- 人格
- réngé — Character; personality; moral integrity
- 之
- zhī — Of; possessive particle in classical Chinese
- 高尚
- gāoshàng — Noble; lofty; morally elevated in character
- 而
- ér — And; yet; a conjunctive or contrastive particle
- 愈显
- yù xiǎn — Becomes even more apparent; increasingly visible
- 珍贵
- zhēnguì — Precious; valuable; rare and highly esteemed
- 因为
- yīnwèi — Because; for the reason that
- 凡
- fán — All; whoever; every; a generalizing literary term
- 能
- néng — Can; able to; capable of doing something
- 引导
- yǐndǎo — Guide; lead; direct someone toward a goal
- 人
- rén — Person; people; human being
- 去
- qù — Go; to; used before verbs to indicate purpose
- 侍奉
- shìfèng — Serve; attend to; wait upon devotedly
- 上帝
- Shàngdì — God; the supreme deity in monotheistic religion
- 效力
- xiàolì — Serve; render service; work for a cause
- 国家
- guójiā — Country; nation; state
- 参与
- cānyù — Participate; take part in; be involved in
- 公民
- gōngmín — Citizen; a member of a state or nation
- 社会
- shèhuì — Society; community; the organized social world
- 维系
- wéixì — Maintain; sustain; keep something together
- 私人
- sīrén — Private; personal; relating to individuals
- 友谊
- yǒuyì — Friendship; amity; cordial relationship between people
- 一切
- yīqiè — All; everything; every aspect or thing
- 美德
- měidé — Virtue; moral excellence; admirable quality
- 皆
- jiē — All; each and every; literary universal quantifier
- 为人处世
- wéirén chǔshì — Conduct oneself in society; how one deals with others
- 显而易见
- xiǎn ér yì jiàn — Obviously; clearly visible; self-evident to all
- 并非
- bìng fēi — Is not; by no means; emphatically not
- 出于
- chūyú — Out of; stemming from; arising from a motive
- 必要
- bìyào — Necessary; essential; required for a purpose
- 习得
- xídé — Acquire; learn; obtain through practice or study
- 亦非
- yì fēi — Nor is it; neither is it; literary negation
- 逢场作戏
- féng chǎng zuò xì — Play along for the occasion; act insincerely to please
- 而是
- ér shì — But rather; instead it is; corrective conjunction
- 内在
- nèizài — Intrinsic; inner; existing within something naturally
- 固有
- gùyǒu — Inherent; innate; naturally belonging to something
- 熠熠
- yìyì — Glittering; gleaming; shining brightly (literary)
- 闪耀
- shǎnyào — Shine; glitter; radiate brilliance
- 慷慨
- kāngkǎi — Generous; magnanimous; giving freely and willingly
- 豁达
- huòdá — Open-minded; broad-minded; magnanimous in attitude
- 天性
- tiānxìng — Natural disposition; innate nature; inborn character
- 之中
- zhī zhōng — Within; among; in the midst of something
- 因此
- yīncǐ — Therefore; consequently; for this reason
- 为
- wèi — For; in order to; for the sake of
- 表
- biǎo — Express; show; indicate a feeling or attitude
- 敬意
- jìngyì — Respect; reverence; a feeling of deep regard
- 与
- yǔ — And; with; together with (literary)
- 感激
- gǎnjī — Grateful; thankful; deeply appreciative
- 虔诚
- qiánchéng — Devout; pious; sincere in religious or moral belief
- 之心
- zhī xīn — Heart of; mind of; spirit of (literary construct)
- 献
- xiàn — Dedicate; offer; present reverently to someone
- 谨将
- jǐn jiāng — Humbly present; respectfully offer (formal/literary)
- 这篇
- zhè piān — This piece; this article or written work
- 关于
- guānyú — About; concerning; regarding a topic
- 论著
- lùnzhù — Treatise; academic work; scholarly written work
- 敬呈
- jìng chéng — Respectfully present; humbly submit to someone
- 不知
- bù zhī — Do not know; uncertain about; unaware of
- 世人
- shìrén — The world; people in general; ordinary humanity
- 将
- jiāng — Will; shall; about to; future tense marker
- 如何
- rúhé — How; in what way; to what extent
- 接受
- jiēshòu — Accept; receive; take in willingly
- 此书
- cǐ shū — This book; this particular written work
- 亦
- yì — Also; too; likewise (literary)
- 它
- tā — It; third-person singular inanimate pronoun
- 影响
- yǐngxiǎng — Influence; affect; have an effect on something
- 那些
- nàxiē — Those; referring to a group of distant things
- 赞许
- zànxǔ — Approve; praise; express favorable opinion of
- 之人
- zhī rén — Those who; people of a certain type (literary)
- 声誉
- shēngyù — Reputation; renown; public esteem or regard
Unlock audio playback, vocabulary games, and reading progress tracking.
Create free account →