Leviathan — Page 8
For by Art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH, or STATE, (in latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Soveraignty is an Artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body;
因为通过技艺创造出了那个伟大的利维坦，称为联邦或国家（拉丁文为CIVITAS），它不过是一个人造之人；尽管其身量与力量皆超乎自然之人，而它正是为保护和捍卫自然之人而设；在其中，主权乃是人造的灵魂，赋予整个躯体以生命与运动；
The Magistrates, and other Officers of Judicature and Execution, artificiall Joynts; Reward and Punishment (by which fastned to the seat of the Soveraignty, every joynt and member is moved to performe his duty) are the Nerves, that do the same in the Body Naturall;
各级官吏及司法与执行官员，是人造的关节；奖赏与惩罚（借此附着于主权之位，使每一关节与肢体皆受驱动以尽其职责）乃是神经，在自然躯体中亦发挥同样的作用；
The Wealth and Riches of all the particular members, are the Strength; Salus Populi (the Peoples Safety) its Businesse; Counsellors, by whom all things needfull for it to know, are suggested unto it, are the Memory; Equity and Lawes, an artificiall Reason and Will; Concord, Health; Sedition, Sicknesse; and Civill War, Death.
全体成员的财富与资产，是其力量；人民的安全（Salus Populi）是其职责；顾问们将一切国家所需知悉之事呈报于上，是其记忆；公平与法律，是人造的理性与意志；和谐，是健康；煽动叛乱，是疾病；内战，是死亡。
Lastly, the Pacts and Covenants, by which the parts of this Body Politique were at first made, set together, and united, resemble that Fiat, or the Let Us Make Man, pronounced by God in the Creation.
最后，缔结这一政治体各部分、使其初创、组合并联结为一体的契约与盟约，犹如上帝在创世之时所颁布的那道旨意，即"让我们造人"。
To describe the Nature of this Artificiall man, I will consider
为描述这一人造之人的本质，我将依次考察
First the Matter thereof, and the Artificer; both which is Man.
首先，其材料与创造者；两者皆为人。
Secondly, How, and by what Covenants it is made; what are the Rights and just Power or Authority of a Soveraigne; and what it is that Preserveth and Dissolveth it.
其次，它是如何以及通过何种盟约而形成的；主权者的权利与正当权力或权威为何；以及何者维系或瓦解它。
Thirdly, what is a Christian Common-Wealth.
再次，何为基督教联邦。
Vocabulary
- 因为
- yīnwèi — because; due to a stated reason
- 通过
- tōngguò — through; by means of; to pass
- 技艺
- jìyì — skill; craft; artistry of a practitioner
- 创造
- chuàngzào — to create; to bring something new into existence
- 出了
- chūle — produced; gave rise to; resulted in
- 那个
- nàge — that; that one; referring to a specific thing
- 伟大
- wěidà — great; magnificent; of remarkable importance
- 的
- de — structural particle indicating possession or modification
- 称为
- chēngwéi — to be called; to be known as something
- 联邦
- liánbāng — federation; commonwealth; union of states
- 或
- huò — or; alternatively; either option
- 国家
- guójiā — country; state; nation
- 拉丁文
- Lādīngwén — Latin language; the classical Roman tongue
- 为
- wéi — to be; as; serving as a function
- 它
- tā — it; third-person singular pronoun for things
- 不过
- búguò — merely; only; however; but nothing more
- 是
- shì — to be; is; am; are
- 一个
- yīgè — one; a single unit or item
- 人造
- rénzào — man-made; artificial; manufactured by humans
- 尽管
- jǐnguǎn — even though; despite; although; notwithstanding
- 其
- qí — its; his; their; classical possessive pronoun
- 与
- yǔ — and; with; together with
- 力量
- lìliàng — strength; power; force; capability
- 皆
- jiē — all; both; entirely; without exception
- 超乎
- chāohū — to surpass; to exceed; to go beyond
- 自然
- zìrán — nature; natural; of course; naturally
- 而
- ér — and; yet; but; connecting clauses
- 正是
- zhèngshì — precisely; exactly; it is exactly this
- 保护
- bǎohù — to protect; to safeguard; to defend
- 和
- hé — and; together with; harmony
- 捍卫
- hànwèi — to defend; to guard; to uphold firmly
- 在
- zài — at; in; to be located somewhere
- 其中
- qízhōng — among them; within it; therein
- 主权
- zhǔquán — sovereignty; supreme political authority of a state
- 乃是
- nǎishì — is; indeed is; classical form of 'to be'
- 灵魂
- línghún — soul; spirit; the inner essence of being
- 赋予
- fùyǔ — to endow; to grant; to bestow upon
- 整个
- zhěnggè — entire; whole; the complete thing
- 躯体
- qūtǐ — body; physical frame; the corporeal form
- 以
- yǐ — with; using; by means of
- 生命
- shēngmìng — life; living existence; vital force
- 运动
- yùndòng — movement; motion; exercise; campaign
- 各级
- gèjí — all levels; various ranks or tiers
- 官吏
- guānlì — officials; government functionaries; bureaucrats
- 及
- jí — and; as well as; reaching up to
- 司法
- sīfǎ — judiciary; judicial; administration of justice
- 执行
- zhíxíng — to execute; to carry out; to implement
- 官员
- guānyuán — official; government officer; public servant
- 关节
- guānjié — joint; articulation; connecting point in body
- 奖赏
- jiǎngshǎng — reward; to award; prize for merit
- 惩罚
- chéngfá — punishment; penalty; to penalize wrongdoing
- 借此
- jiècǐ — by means of this; thereby; using this method
- 附着
- fùzhuó — to attach to; to adhere; to cling onto
- 于
- yú — at; in; to; classical preposition
- 使
- shǐ — to cause; to make; to enable; envoy
- 每一
- měi yī — every; each individual one without exception
- 肢体
- zhītǐ — limbs; body parts; extremities of the body
- 受
- shòu — to receive; to be subjected to; to accept
- 驱动
- qūdòng — to drive; to motivate; to propel into action
- 尽
- jìn — to exhaust; to fulfill completely; all of
- 职责
- zhízé — duty; responsibility; one's official obligations
- 神经
- shénjīng — nerve; nervous system; neural pathway
- 中
- zhōng — middle; within; among; in the center
- 亦
- yì — also; too; likewise; classical synonym for 也
- 发挥
- fāhuī — to give full play to; to display ability
- 同样
- tóngyàng — same; likewise; in the same way
- 作用
- zuòyòng — function; role; effect; to act upon
- 全体
- quántǐ — all members; the whole body; entire group
- 成员
- chéngyuán — member; constituent member of a group
- 财富
- cáifù — wealth; riches; valuable resources or assets
- 资产
- zīchǎn — assets; property; financial resources owned
- 人民
- rénmín — the people; citizens; the general populace
- 安全
- ānquán — safety; security; safe from harm or danger
- 顾问
- gùwèn — advisor; consultant; counselor offering guidance
- 们
- men — plural suffix for people; indicates group
- 将
- jiāng — will; shall; about to; future marker
- 一切
- yīqiè — everything; all; every single thing
- 所需
- suǒxū — what is needed; required; necessary things
- 知悉
- zhīxī — to be fully informed of; to know thoroughly
- 呈报
- chéngbào — to report to superiors; to submit officially
- 记忆
- jìyì — memory; recollection; to remember something
- 公平
- gōngpíng — fair; just; equitable; impartial treatment
- 法律
- fǎlǜ — law; legal statutes; rules enforced by state
- 理性
- lǐxìng — reason; rationality; rational thinking capacity
- 意志
- yìzhì — will; willpower; determination; volitional force
- 和谐
- héxié — harmony; harmonious; peaceful coexistence together
- 健康
- jiànkāng — health; healthy; in good physical condition
- 煽动
- shāndòng — to incite; to stir up; to instigate unrest
- 叛乱
- pànluàn — rebellion; revolt; armed uprising against authority
- 疾病
- jíbìng — disease; illness; sickness; medical condition
- 内战
- nèizhàn — civil war; armed conflict within a nation
- 死亡
- sǐwáng — death; to die; the end of life
- 最后
- zuìhòu — finally; last; at the end; ultimately
- 缔结
- dìjié — to conclude; to establish a pact or treaty
- 这一
- zhè yī — this one; this particular; referring to specific item
- 政治
- zhèngzhì — politics; political affairs; governance
- 体
- tǐ — body; system; form; entity
- 各
- gè — each; every; various; respective
- 部分
- bùfen — part; portion; section; component
- 使其
- shǐ qí — to cause it; to make it; to enable it
- 初创
- chūchuàng — initially founded; newly established; startup creation
- 组合
- zǔhé — to combine; combination; to assemble together
- 并
- bìng — and; furthermore; to combine; simultaneously
- 联结
- liánjié — to link; to connect; to join together firmly
- 一体
- yītǐ — one body; united as one; integrated whole
- 契约
- qìyuē — contract; covenant; binding agreement between parties
- 盟约
- méngyuē — covenant; alliance agreement; solemn pact
- 犹如
- yóurú — just like; as if; resembling; analogous to
- 上帝
- Shàngdì — God; the Lord; the Supreme Being
- 创世
- chuàngshì — creation of the world; Genesis; world's beginning
- 所
- suǒ — used before verbs to nominalize; that which
- 颁布
- bānbù — to promulgate; to issue officially; to proclaim
- 旨意
- zhǐyì — divine will; decree; the intention of authority
- 即
- jí — namely; that is; immediately; as soon as
- 让
- ràng — to let; to allow; to cause someone to do
- 我们
- wǒmen — we; us; first-person plural pronoun
- 描述
- miáoshù — to describe; description; to depict in words
- 本质
- běnzhì — nature; essence; fundamental character of something
- 我
- wǒ — I; me; first-person singular pronoun
- 依次
- yīcì — in order; one by one; sequentially
- 考察
- kǎochá — to examine; to investigate; to study carefully
- 首先
- shǒuxiān — first of all; firstly; to begin with
- 材料
- cáiliào — material; matter; raw ingredients or components
- 创造者
- chuàngzàozhě — creator; one who creates or brings into being
- 两者
- liǎngzhě — both; the two; either of the two parties
- 人
- rén — person; human being; people
- 其次
- qícì — secondly; next; in second place
- 如何
- rúhé — how; in what way; by what means
- 以及
- yǐjí — as well as; and; along with
- 何种
- hézhǒng — what kind; which type; what sort of
- 形成
- xíngchéng — to form; to take shape; to develop into
- 主权者
- zhǔquánzhě — sovereign; one holding supreme political authority
- 权利
- quánlì — right; entitlement; legal or moral right
- 正当
- zhèngdàng — legitimate; proper; rightful; justified by reason
- 权力
- quánlì — power; authority; political or administrative power
- 权威
- quánwēi — authority; authoritative; prestige and power
- 为何
- wèihé — why; for what reason; for what purpose
- 维系
- wéixì — to maintain; to hold together; to sustain bonds
- 瓦解
- wǎjiě — to disintegrate; to collapse; to fall apart completely
- 再次
- zàicì — again; once more; a second time
- 何为
- héwéi — what is; what constitutes; what it means to be
- 基督教
- Jīdūjiào — Christianity; the Christian religion or faith
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