Leviathan — Page 1

关于人的思想，我将首先逐一考察，然后再考察其相互依存的链条。单独来看，每一个思想都是对某种性质或物体其他属性的表象或显现，这种物体通常被称为客体。客体作用于人体的眼睛、耳朵及其他器官，并因作用方式的不同而产生不同的显现。

Concerning the Thoughts of man, I will consider them first Singly, and afterwards in Trayne, or dependance upon one another. Singly, they are every one a Representation or Apparence, of some quality, or other Accident of a body without us; which is commonly called an Object. Which Object worketh on the Eyes, Eares, and other parts of mans body; and by diversity of working, produceth diversity of Apparences.

一切思想的根源在于我们所称的感觉；（因为人心中的任何概念，最初都是完整地或部分地通过感觉器官产生的。）其余的思想皆由这一根源派生而来。

The Originall of them all, is that which we call Sense; (For there is no conception in a mans mind, which hath not at first, totally, or by parts, been begotten upon the organs of Sense.) The rest are derived from that originall.

了解感觉的自然成因，对于眼下所要探讨的事务并非十分必要；关于这一问题，我已在别处有过详尽的论述。尽管如此，为了使我现行方法的每个部分都得以充实，我将在此处作简要的阐述。

To know the naturall cause of Sense, is not very necessary to the business now in hand; and I have els-where written of the same at large. Nevertheless, to fill each part of my present method, I will briefly deliver the same in this place.

感觉的成因在于外部物体或客体，它压迫着与各种感觉相对应的器官：或为直接压迫，如味觉和触觉；或为间接压迫，如视觉、听觉和嗅觉。这种压迫经由神经及身体的其他筋脉与薄膜，向内传导至大脑与心脏，在那里引起一种抵抗、反压，或心脏试图将其排出的冲动。由于这种冲动指向外部，便使人觉得似乎有某种物质存在于外部。

The cause of Sense, is the Externall Body, or Object, which presseth the organ proper to each Sense, either immediatly, as in the Tast and Touch; or mediately, as in Seeing, Hearing, and Smelling: which pressure, by the mediation of Nerves, and other strings, and membranes of the body, continued inwards to the Brain, and Heart, causeth there a resistance, or counter-pressure, or endeavour of the heart, to deliver it self: which endeavour because Outward, seemeth to be some matter without.