Meditations — Page 10
In order to live in accord with nature, it is necessary to know what nature is; and to this end a threefold division of philosophy is made—into _Physics_, dealing with the universe and its laws, the problems of divine government and teleology; _Logic_, which trains the mind to discern true from false; and _Ethics_, which applies the knowledge thus gained and tested to practical life.
자연과 조화롭게 살기 위해서는 자연이 무엇인지를 알아야 한다. 이를 위해 철학은 세 가지로 나뉜다. 즉 우주와 그 법칙, 신의 섭리와 목적론의 문제를 다루는 자연학, 참과 거짓을 분별하도록 정신을 훈련시키는 논리학, 그리고 이렇게 얻어지고 검증된 지식을 실제 삶에 적용하는 윤리학이 그것이다.
The Stoic system of physics was materialism with an infusion of pantheism.
스토아학파의 자연학 체계는 범신론이 가미된 유물론이었다.
In contradiction to Plato's view that the Ideas, or Prototypes, of phenomena alone really exist, the Stoics held that material objects alone existed; but immanent in the material universe was a spiritual force which acted through them, manifesting itself under many forms, as fire, æther, spirit, soul, reason, the ruling principle.
현상의 이데아, 즉 원형만이 실재한다는 플라톤의 견해와는 달리, 스토아학파는 물질적 대상만이 존재한다고 주장했다. 그러나 물질적 우주 안에는 그것들을 통해 작용하는 영적 힘이 내재해 있어, 불, 에테르, 정신, 영혼, 이성, 지배 원리 등 여러 형태로 자신을 드러낸다고 보았다.
The universe, then, is God, of whom the popular gods are manifestations; while legends and myths are allegorical.
따라서 우주는 곧 신이며, 민간에서 숭배하는 신들은 그 신의 현현이다. 반면 전설과 신화는 우의적인 것이다.
The soul of man is thus an emanation from the godhead, into whom it will eventually be re-absorbed.
따라서 인간의 영혼은 신성으로부터 유출된 것이며, 결국에는 그 신성 안으로 다시 흡수될 것이다.
The divine ruling principle makes all things work together for good, but for the good of the whole.
신의 지배 원리는 모든 것이 선을 위해 함께 작용하도록 하지만, 그것은 전체의 선을 위한 것이다.
The highest good of man is consciously to work with God for the common good, and this is the sense in which the Stoic tried to live in accord with nature.
인간의 최고선은 공동의 선을 위해 신과 함께 의식적으로 일하는 것이며, 이것이 바로 스토아 철학자가 자연과 조화롭게 살고자 했던 의미이다.
In the individual it is virtue alone which enables him to do this; as Providence rules the universe, so virtue in the soul must rule man.
개인에게 있어 이를 가능하게 하는 것은 오직 덕뿐이다. 섭리가 우주를 지배하듯이, 영혼 안의 덕이 인간을 지배해야 한다.
Vocabulary
- 자연과
- jayeongwa — Nature and (with nature, combined form)
- 조화롭게
- johwaropge — Harmoniously, in a balanced and peaceful way
- 살기
- salgi — Living, to live (noun form of 살다)
- 위해서는
- wihaeseonеun — In order to, for the purpose of doing
- 자연이
- jayeoni — Nature (subject marker attached)
- 무엇인지를
- mueosinjireul — What something is (indirect question form)
- 알아야
- araya — Must know, need to understand something
- 한다
- handa — Does, states a fact or obligation
- 이를
- ireul — This (object marker), referring to previous statement
- 위해
- wihae — For the sake of, in order to achieve
- 철학은
- cheolhageun — Philosophy (topic marker attached)
- 세
- se — Three, the number three
- 가지로
- gajiro — Into kinds/types, branching into categories
- 나뉜다
- nanyinda — Is divided, splits into parts or categories
- 즉
- jeuk — Namely, that is to say, in other words
- 우주와
- ujuwa — The universe and (combined with next word)
- 그
- geu — That, the (determiner referring to something mentioned)
- 법칙
- beopchik — Law, rule, principle governing natural phenomena
- 신의
- sinui — Of God, divine, belonging to a deity
- 섭리와
- seomnniwa — Providence and, divine governance of the world
- 문제를
- munjereul — Problem, issue (object marker attached)
- 다루는
- daruneun — Dealing with, handling a topic or subject
- 참과
- chamgwa — Truth and (combined), what is true
- 거짓을
- geojiseul — Falsehood, lie (object marker attached)
- 분별하도록
- bunbyeolhadorok — So as to distinguish, in order to discern
- 정신을
- jeongsineul — Mind, spirit (object marker attached)
- 훈련시키는
- Training, causing to be trained or disciplined
- 논리학
- nollinghak — Logic, the study of reasoning and argument
- 그리고
- geurigo — And, furthermore, connecting additional information
- 이렇게
- ireoke — In this way, like this, thus
- 얻어지고
- eodeojigo — Being obtained, acquired through a process
- 검증된
- geomjeungdoen — Verified, proven, validated through examination
- 지식을
- jisigeul — Knowledge (object marker attached)
- 실제
- silje — Actual, real, in practice or reality
- 삶에
- salme — In life, applied to one's actual living
- 적용하는
- jeogyonghaneun — Applying, putting into practical use
- 윤리학이
- yullinghagi — Ethics (subject marker attached), moral philosophy
- 그것이다
- geugeosida — That is it, that is the thing referred to
- 체계는
- chegyeneun — System, framework (topic marker attached)
- 가미된
- gamidoen — Mixed in, added as an ingredient or element
- 현상의
- hyeonsangui — Of phenomena, relating to observable appearances
- 실재한다는
- siljaehandan-eun — That only (something) truly exists in reality
- 견해와는
- gyeonhaewaneun — Unlike the view or opinion of someone
- 달리
- dalli — Differently, unlike, in contrast to something
- 물질적
- muljiljeok — Material, physical, relating to matter
- 대상만이
- daesangmani — Only objects, solely physical things exist
- 존재한다고
- jonjaehandan-go — Claiming that (something) exists or has being
- 주장했다
- jujanghаetda — Argued, asserted, claimed a position or view
- 그러나
- geureona — However, but, indicating contrast or exception
- 우주
- uju — Universe, cosmos, outer space
- 안에는
- aneneun — Inside, within (topic marker attached)
- 그것들을
- geugеotdeureul — Them, those things (object marker attached)
- 통해
- tonghae — Through, by means of something
- 작용하는
- jagyonghaneun — Operating, functioning, exerting influence or force
- 영적
- yeongjeok — Spiritual, relating to the spirit or soul
- 힘이
- himi — Force, power (subject marker attached)
- 있어
- isseo — Exists, there is, being present
- 불
- bul — Fire, flame, a fundamental element
- 정신
- jeongsin — Mind, spirit, consciousness or mental faculty
- 영혼
- yeonghon — Soul, the spiritual essence of a person
- 이성
- iseong — Reason, rationality, logical thinking faculty
- 지배
- jibae — Domination, rule, governing or controlling power
- 원리
- wolli — Principle, fundamental rule or law
- 등
- deung — Etc., and so on, among other things
- 여러
- yeoreo — Various, several, many different kinds
- 형태로
- hyeongtaero — In the form of, taking various shapes
- 자신을
- jasineul — Oneself (object marker), itself or himself/herself
- 드러낸다고
- deureondaego — Saying that it reveals or manifests itself
- 보았다
- boatda — Viewed, regarded, considered to be something
- 따라서
- ttaraseo — Therefore, consequently, as a result
- 우주는
- ujuneun — The universe (topic marker), the cosmos itself
- 곧
- got — Immediately, soon, or in other words
- 신이며
- sinimyeo — Is God and, being divine and also
- 민간에서
- mingane-seo — Among the people, in folk or popular belief
- 숭배하는
- sungbaehaneun — Worshipping, venerating a deity or figure
- 신들은
- sindeureun — The gods (topic marker), divine beings worshipped
- 반면
- banmyeon — On the other hand, in contrast, conversely
- 전설과
- jeonseolgwa — Legends and, traditional stories passed down
- 신화는
- sinhwaneun — Myths (topic marker), traditional sacred narratives
- 것이다
- geosida — It is, that is the thing being referred to
- 인간의
- inganui — Of humans, belonging to or relating to humanity
- 영혼은
- yeonghoneun — The soul (topic marker), spiritual essence of humans
- 것이며
- geosiMyeo — Is something and, being the thing that
- 결국에는
- gyeolgugenеun — In the end, ultimately, eventually
- 신성
- sinseong — Divinity, sacredness, divine nature or quality
- 안으로
- aneuro — Into, moving to the inside of something
- 다시
- dasi — Again, once more, returning to a state
- 흡수될
- heupsudoel — Will be absorbed, taken back into something
- 원리는
- wollineun — The principle (topic marker), fundamental governing rule
- 모든
- modeun — All, every, without exception
- 것이
- geosi — Thing (subject marker), what exists or occurs
- 선을
- seoneul — Good, goodness (object marker attached)
- 함께
- hamkke — Together, jointly, in cooperation with others
- 작용하도록
- jagyonghadorok — So as to work together, to function jointly
- 하지만
- hajiman — However, but, expressing contrast or reservation
- 그것은
- geugeoseun — That (topic marker), referring to something mentioned
- 전체의
- jeonchеui — Of the whole, belonging to the entire system
- 위한
- wihan — For the sake of, intended for a purpose
- 공동의
- gongdongui — Common, shared, belonging to all collectively
- 신과
- singwa — God and, with the divine being
- 의식적으로
- uisijeogеuro — Consciously, deliberately, with full awareness
- 일하는
- ilhaneun — Working, laboring, actively doing something
- 이것이
- igeosi — This (subject marker), this is the very thing
- 바로
- baro — Exactly, precisely, right here or now
- 철학자가
- cheolhakjaga — Philosopher (subject marker), one who studies philosophy
- 살고자
- salgoja — Wanting to live, desiring a certain lifestyle
- 했던
- haetdeon — Had done, referring to past intention or action
- 의미이다
- uimiida — Is the meaning, this is what it signifies
- 개인에게
- gaeinege — To the individual, for a single person
- 가능하게
- Making possible, enabling something to happen
- 하는
- haneun — Doing, that which enables or causes something
- 것은
- geoseun — The thing (topic marker), what is being discussed
- 오직
- ojik — Only, solely, nothing else but
- 덕뿐이다
- deokppunida — Is only virtue, nothing but moral excellence
- 우주를
- ujureul — The universe (object marker), the entire cosmos
- 지배하듯이
- jibaehаdeusi — Just as it governs or rules over something
- 안의
- anui — Inside, within, belonging to the interior
- 덕이
- deogi — Virtue (subject marker), moral excellence or goodness
- 인간을
- inganeul — Humans (object marker), humanity as a whole
- 지배해야
- jibaehaeya — Must govern, ought to rule or control
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