Meditations — Page 10

English → Pt Preface Level 9/10

In order to live in accord with nature, it is necessary to know what nature is; and to this end a threefold division of philosophy is made—into _Physics_, dealing with the universe and its laws, the problems of divine government and teleology; _Logic_, which trains the mind to discern true from false; and _Ethics_, which applies the knowledge thus gained and tested to practical life.

Para viver em harmonia com a natureza, é necessário saber o que é a natureza; e para esse fim faz-se uma divisão tríplice da filosofia — em _Física_, que trata do universo e das suas leis, dos problemas do governo divino e da teleologia; _Lógica_, que treina a mente para discernir o verdadeiro do falso; e _Ética_, que aplica o conhecimento assim obtido e testado à vida prática.

The Stoic system of physics was materialism with an infusion of pantheism.

O sistema estoico de física era um materialismo com uma infusão de panteísmo.

In contradiction to Plato's view that the Ideas, or Prototypes, of phenomena alone really exist, the Stoics held that material objects alone existed; but immanent in the material universe was a spiritual force which acted through them, manifesting itself under many forms, as fire, æther, spirit, soul, reason, the ruling principle.

Em contradição com a visão de Platão de que apenas as Ideias, ou Protótipos, dos fenômenos realmente existem, os estoicos sustentavam que apenas os objetos materiais existiam; mas imanente no universo material havia uma força espiritual que agia através deles, manifestando-se sob muitas formas, como fogo, éter, espírito, alma, razão, o princípio regente.

The universe, then, is God, of whom the popular gods are manifestations; while legends and myths are allegorical.

O universo, portanto, é Deus, do qual os deuses populares são manifestações; enquanto as lendas e os mitos são alegóricos.

The soul of man is thus an emanation from the godhead, into whom it will eventually be re-absorbed.

A alma do homem é, portanto, uma emanação da divindade, à qual será eventualmente reabsorvida.

The divine ruling principle makes all things work together for good, but for the good of the whole.

O princípio regente divino faz todas as coisas cooperarem para o bem, mas para o bem do todo.

The highest good of man is consciously to work with God for the common good, and this is the sense in which the Stoic tried to live in accord with nature.

O bem mais elevado do homem é trabalhar conscientemente com Deus pelo bem comum, e é neste sentido que o estoico tentava viver em harmonia com a natureza.

In the individual it is virtue alone which enables him to do this; as Providence rules the universe, so virtue in the soul must rule man.

No indivíduo, é somente a virtude que lhe permite fazer isso; assim como a Providência governa o universo, assim a virtude na alma deve governar o homem.

Vocabulary

Para: PAH-rah — Preposition meaning 'for' or 'in order to'
viver: vee-VEHR — To live; to exist or sustain life
em: ehm — Preposition meaning 'in' or 'at'
harmonia: ahr-moh-NEE-ah — Harmony; peaceful and balanced coexistence
com: kohm — Preposition meaning 'with'
a: ah — Definite article 'the' (feminine singular)
natureza: nah-too-REH-zah — Nature; the natural world and environment
é: EH — Third-person singular present of 'ser'; means 'is'
necessário: neh-seh-SAH-ree-oh — Necessary; required or essential for a purpose
saber: sah-BEHR — To know; to have knowledge or understanding
o: oh — Definite article 'the' (masculine singular)
que: keh — Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that' or 'what'
e: ee — Conjunction meaning 'and'
para: PAH-rah — Preposition meaning 'for' or 'in order to'
esse: EH-seh — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'this' or 'that'
fim: feem — End; purpose or goal of an action
faz: fahz — Third-person singular present of 'fazer'; means 'does'
se: seh — Reflexive pronoun meaning 'oneself' or 'itself'
uma: OO-mah — Indefinite article 'a' or 'an' (feminine)
divisão: dee-vee-ZAHW — Division; the act of splitting into parts
tríplice: TREE-plee-seh — Triple; consisting of three parts or elements
da: dah — Contraction of 'de' and 'a' meaning 'of the'
filosofia: fee-loh-zoh-FEE-ah — Philosophy; the study of fundamental questions about existence
_Física_: FEE-zee-kah — Physics; branch of philosophy dealing with the natural world
trata: TRAH-tah — Deals with; addresses or handles a subject
do: doh — Contraction of 'de' and 'o' meaning 'of the'
universo: oo-nee-VEHR-soh — Universe; all existing matter, space, and time
das: dahz — Contraction of 'de' and 'as' meaning 'of the' (feminine plural)
suas: SOO-ahz — Possessive pronoun meaning 'its' or 'their' (feminine)
leis: laysh — Laws; rules governing nature or society
dos: dohz — Contraction of 'de' and 'os' meaning 'of the' (masculine plural)
problemas: proh-BLEH-mahz — Problems; questions or issues requiring a solution
governo: goh-VEHR-noh — Government; the act or system of governing
divino: dee-VEE-noh — Divine; relating to God or a deity
teleologia: teh-leh-oh-loh-ZHEE-ah — Teleology; study of purpose and design in nature
_Lógica_: LOH-zhee-kah — Logic; branch of philosophy studying reasoning and argument
treina: TRAY-nah — Trains; educates or exercises a skill or faculty
mente: MEHN-teh — Mind; the thinking and reasoning faculty
discernir: dees-sehr-NEER — To discern; to distinguish between different things
verdadeiro: vehr-dah-DAY-roh — True; conforming to reality or fact
falso: FAHL-soh — False; not true or incorrect
_Ética_: EH-tee-kah — Ethics; branch of philosophy studying moral conduct
aplica: ah-PLEE-kah — Applies; puts knowledge or principles into practice
conhecimento: koh-nyeh-see-MEHN-toh — Knowledge; information and understanding gained through experience
assim: ah-SEEM — Thus; in this way or manner
obtido: ohb-TEE-doh — Obtained; acquired or achieved through effort
testado: teh-STAH-doh — Tested; verified or examined for accuracy or validity
à: ah — Contraction of 'a' and 'a' meaning 'to the' (feminine)
vida: VEE-dah — Life; the state of being alive
prática: PRAH-tee-kah — Practice; the application of knowledge in real situations
O: oh — Definite article 'the' (masculine singular)
sistema: sees-TEH-mah — System; an organized set of principles or methods
estoico: ehs-TOY-koh — Stoic; relating to the philosophy of Stoicism
de: deh — Preposition meaning 'of' or 'from'
física: FEE-zee-kah — Physics; the science of matter, energy, and natural laws
era: EH-rah — Was; past tense of 'ser' indicating a state or condition
um: oom — Indefinite article 'a' or 'an' (masculine singular)
materialismo: mah-teh-ree-ah-LEEZ-moh — Materialism; belief that only physical matter truly exists
infusão: een-foo-ZAHW — Infusion; the blending or introduction of one thing into another
panteísmo: pahn-teh-EEZ-moh — Pantheism; belief that God and the universe are identical
Em: ehm — Preposition meaning 'in' or 'in contrast to'
contradição: kohn-trah-dee-SAHW — Contradiction; a statement or idea that opposes another
visão: vee-ZAHW — Vision; a view, perspective, or philosophical outlook
apenas: ah-PEH-nahz — Only; solely or merely something
as: ahz — Definite article 'the' (feminine plural)
Ideias: ee-DAY-ahz — Ideas; abstract concepts or forms in Platonic philosophy
ou: oh — Conjunction meaning 'or'
Protótipos: proh-TOH-tee-pohz — Prototypes; original models or archetypes of things
fenômenos: feh-NOH-meh-nohz — Phenomena; observable events or facts in the world
realmente: reh-ahl-MEHN-teh — Really; truly or in actuality
existem: eh-ZEES-tehm — Exist; third-person plural present of 'existir'
os: ohz — Definite article 'the' (masculine plural)
estoicos: ehs-TOY-kohz — Stoics; followers of the Stoic philosophical school
sustentavam: sooz-tehn-TAH-vahm — Maintained; held or supported a belief or position
objetos: ohb-ZHEH-tohz — Objects; material things that can be seen or touched
materiais: mah-teh-ree-AYZ — Material; relating to physical or tangible substances
existiam: eh-ZEES-tee-ahm — Existed; past tense indicating things had physical existence
mas: mahz — But; conjunction expressing contrast or exception
imanente: ee-mah-NEHN-teh — Immanent; existing or operating within the material world
no: noh — Contraction of 'em' and 'o' meaning 'in the'
material: mah-teh-ree-AHL — Material; relating to or consisting of physical matter
havia: ah-VEE-ah — There was; past tense of 'haver' indicating existence
força: FOHR-sah — Force; power or energy acting upon something
espiritual: ehs-pee-ree-too-AHL — Spiritual; relating to the spirit or non-material realm
agia: ah-ZHEE-ah — Acted; past tense of 'agir' meaning to act or operate
através: ah-trah-VEHZ — Through; by means of or passing through something
deles: DEH-lehz — Of them; third-person masculine plural possessive pronoun
manifestando: mah-nee-fehs-TAHN-doh — Manifesting; showing or expressing itself in various forms
sob: sohb — Under; beneath or in the form of something
muitas: MOO-ee-tahz — Many; a large number of (feminine plural)
formas: FOHR-mahz — Forms; shapes or manifestations of something
como: KOH-moh — As or like; used for comparison or examples
fogo: FOH-goh — Fire; the natural phenomenon of combustion and flame
éter: EH-tehr — Ether; a subtle substance thought to fill the heavens
espírito: ehs-PEE-ree-toh — Spirit; the non-material essence or soul of a being
alma: AHL-mah — Soul; the spiritual or immortal part of a being
razão: hah-ZAHW — Reason; the capacity for rational thought and logic
princípio: preen-SEE-pee-oh — Principle; a fundamental rule or guiding law
regente: heh-ZHEHN-teh — Ruling; governing or directing something
portanto: pohr-TAHN-toh — Therefore; as a logical consequence or conclusion
Deus: DEH-ooz — God; the supreme divine being or deity
qual: kwahl — Which; relative pronoun used to refer to something mentioned
deuses: DEH-oo-zehz — Gods; plural of deity in polytheistic traditions
populares: poh-poo-LAH-rehz — Popular; widely known or belonging to common people
são: sahw — Are; third-person plural present of 'ser'
manifestações: mah-nee-fehs-tah-SOYSH — Manifestations; visible expressions or forms of something
enquanto: ehn-KWAHN-toh — While; during the time that something else occurs
lendas: LEHN-dahz — Legends; traditional stories often with symbolic meaning
mitos: MEE-tohz — Myths; traditional stories explaining natural or cultural phenomena
alegóricos: ah-leh-GOH-ree-kohz — Allegorical; representing ideas symbolically through narrative
A: ah — Definite article 'the' (feminine singular)
homem: OH-mehm — Man; an adult male human being
emanação: eh-mah-nah-SAHW — Emanation; something that flows out from a source
divindade: dee-veen-DAH-deh — Divinity; the state or quality of being divine
será: seh-RAH — Will be; future tense of 'ser'
eventualmente: eh-vehn-too-ahl-MEHN-teh — Eventually; at some future point in time
reabsorvida: reh-ahb-sohr-VEE-dah — Reabsorbed; taken back into a larger whole or source
todas: TOH-dahz — All; every one of a group (feminine plural)
coisas: KOY-zahz — Things; objects, matters, or affairs in general
cooperarem: koh-oh-peh-RAH-rehm — To cooperate; to work together toward a common goal
bem: behm — Good; well or in a good manner
todo: TOH-doh — Whole; all or the entirety of something
mais: mahyz — More; to a greater degree or extent
elevado: eh-leh-VAH-doh — Elevated; raised to a higher level or standard
trabalhar: trah-bah-LYAHR — To work; to engage in effort toward a goal
conscientemente: kohn-see-ehn-teh-MEHN-teh — Consciously; with full awareness and intentional purpose
pelo: PEH-loh — Contraction of 'por' and 'o' meaning 'for the'
comum: koh-MOOM — Common; shared by all or belonging to everyone
neste: NEHS-teh — In this; contraction of 'em' and 'este'
sentido: sehn-TEE-doh — Sense; meaning or direction of something
tentava: tehn-TAH-vah — Was trying; past continuous of 'tentar' meaning to attempt
No: noh — Contraction of 'em' and 'o' meaning 'in the'
indivíduo: een-dee-VEE-doo-oh — Individual; a single person distinct from a group
somente: soh-MEHN-teh — Only; exclusively or solely something
virtude: veer-TOO-deh — Virtue; moral excellence or a positive quality
lhe: lyeh — Indirect object pronoun meaning 'to him,' 'to her,' or 'to it'
permite: pehr-MEE-teh — Permits; allows or gives permission for something
fazer: fah-ZEHR — To do or to make; a versatile action verb
isso: EE-soh — That; demonstrative pronoun referring to something mentioned
Providência: proh-vee-DEHN-see-ah — Providence; divine care, foresight, or guidance over the world
governa: goh-VEHR-nah — Governs; rules or controls something
na: nah — Contraction of 'em' and 'a' meaning 'in the' (feminine)
deve: DEH-veh — Must or should; indicates obligation or necessity
governar: goh-vehr-NAHR — To govern; to rule or manage a person or group

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