Meditations — Page 11
In Logic, the Stoic system is noteworthy for their theory as to the test of truth, the _Criterion_.
Em Lógica, o sistema estoico é notável pela sua teoria sobre o teste da verdade, o _Critério_.
They compared the new-born soul to a sheet of paper ready for writing.
Eles comparavam a alma recém-nascida a uma folha de papel pronta para ser escrita.
Upon this the senses write their impressions (φαντασίαι), and by experience of a number of these the soul unconsciously conceives general notions (κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι) or anticipations (προλήψεις).
Sobre ela os sentidos escrevem as suas impressões (φαντασίαι), e pela experiência de um número destas a alma concebe inconscientemente noções gerais (κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι) ou antecipações (προλήψεις).
When the impression was such as to be irresistible it was called (καταληπτικὴ φαντασία) one that holds fast, or as they explained it, one proceeding from truth.
Quando a impressão era de tal ordem que se tornava irresistível, era chamada (καταληπτικὴ φαντασία) aquela que se mantém firme, ou como eles a explicavam, aquela que procede da verdade.
Ideas and inferences artificially produced by deduction or the like were tested by this 'holding perception.'
Ideias e inferências artificialmente produzidas por dedução ou semelhantes eram testadas por esta 'percepção firme'.
Of the Ethical application I have already spoken.
Sobre a aplicação Ética já falei anteriormente.
The highest good was the virtuous life.
O bem supremo era a vida virtuosa.
Virtue alone is happiness, and vice is unhappiness.
A virtude por si só é felicidade, e o vício é infelicidade.
Carrying this theory to its extreme, the Stoic said that there could be no gradations between virtue and vice, though of course each has its special manifestations.
Levando esta teoria ao extremo, o Estoico afirmava que não poderia haver gradações entre a virtude e o vício, embora naturalmente cada um tenha as suas manifestações especiais.
Moreover, nothing is good but virtue, and nothing but vice is bad.
Além disso, nada é bom senão a virtude, e nada é mau senão o vício.
Those outside things which are commonly called good or bad, such as health and sickness, wealth and poverty, pleasure and pain, are to him indifferent (ἀδιάφορα).
Aquelas coisas externas que comumente são chamadas de boas ou más, tais como saúde e doença, riqueza e pobreza, prazer e dor, são para ele indiferentes (ἀδιάφορα).
All these things are merely the sphere in which virtue may act.
Todas essas coisas são apenas a esfera na qual a virtude pode agir.
The ideal Wise Man is sufficient unto himself in all things (αὐταρκής); and knowing these truths, he will be happy even when stretched upon the rack.
O ideal do Sábio é ser suficiente para si mesmo em todas as coisas (αὐταρκής); e conhecendo estas verdades, será feliz mesmo quando estendido sobre o instrumento de tortura.
Vocabulary
- Lógica
- Logic; the study of reasoning and argumentation
- sistema
- System; an organized set of principles or methods
- estoico
- Stoic; relating to the ancient philosophy of Stoicism
- notável
- Notable; remarkable or worthy of attention
- teoria
- Theory; a set of ideas explaining something
- teste
- Test; an examination or trial of something
- verdade
- Truth; that which is true or accurate
- comparavam
- They compared; imperfect tense of 'comparar'
- alma
- Soul; the spiritual or immaterial part of a person
- recém-nascida
- Newborn; recently born, applied to infants
- folha
- Sheet or leaf; a page of paper or plant leaf
- papel
- Paper; material used for writing or printing
- pronta
- Ready; prepared or available for use
- escrita
- Written; past participle of 'escrever', to write
- sentidos
- Senses; the faculties of sight, hearing, touch, etc.
- escrevem
- They write; present tense of 'escrever'
- impressões
- Impressions; sensory perceptions received by the mind
- experiência
- Experience; knowledge gained through practice or events
- concebe
- Conceives; forms or develops an idea mentally
- inconscientemente
- Unconsciously; without awareness or deliberate thought
- noções
- Notions; general concepts or basic ideas
- gerais
- General; broad or not specific in scope
- antecipações
- Anticipations; preconceptions formed before experience
- impressão
- Impression; a sensory image received by the mind
- tal
- Such; of that kind or degree
- ordem
- Order; arrangement, command, or sequence
- tornava
- Became; imperfect tense of 'tornar-se'
- irresistível
- Irresistible; impossible to resist or oppose
- mantém
- Maintains; keeps or holds firm something
- firme
- Firm; steady, solid, or unwavering in position
- explicavam
- They explained; imperfect tense of 'explicar'
- procede
- Proceeds; comes from or originates from something
- Ideias
- Ideas; thoughts or concepts formed in the mind
- inferências
- Inferences; conclusions drawn from reasoning or evidence
- artificialmente
- Artificially; produced by human effort, not naturally
- produzidas
- Produced; created or generated through a process
- dedução
- Deduction; reasoning from general to specific conclusions
- semelhantes
- Similar; alike or resembling each other in nature
- testadas
- Tested; examined or verified through a process
- percepção
- Perception; awareness or understanding through the senses
- aplicação
- Application; the act of putting something into practice
- Ética
- Ethics; the study of moral principles and conduct
- falei
- I spoke; first person past of 'falar', to speak
- anteriormente
- Previously; at an earlier time or before now
- bem
- Good; that which is morally right or beneficial
- supremo
- Supreme; highest in rank, degree, or importance
- vida
- Life; the existence of a living being
- virtuosa
- Virtuous; having or showing high moral standards
- virtude
- Virtue; moral excellence or a good quality
- só
- Alone or only; by itself without anything else
- felicidade
- Happiness; the state of being joyful and content
- vício
- Vice; immoral or wicked behavior or habit
- infelicidade
- Unhappiness; the state of being sad or discontented
- Levando
- Taking or carrying; gerund of 'levar'
- extremo
- Extreme; the furthest or most intense point
- Estoico
- Stoic; a follower of Stoic philosophy
- afirmava
- Affirmed; stated or asserted something as true
- poderia
- Could; conditional tense of 'poder', to be able
- haver
- To have or exist; auxiliary or existential verb
- gradações
- Gradations; degrees or steps in a scale
- embora
- Although; conjunction introducing a concessive clause
- naturalmente
- Naturally; in a way that occurs without force
- manifestações
- Manifestations; outward expressions of something abstract
- especiais
- Special; distinctive or particular in character
- Além
- Beyond or furthermore; indicating addition or distance
- senão
- Except or but; used to introduce an exception
- mau
- Bad; having negative qualities or moral deficiency
- externas
- External; existing or coming from outside oneself
- comumente
- Commonly; in a way that is usual or frequent
- tais
- Such; plural of 'tal', of that kind
- saúde
- Health; the condition of being well and free from illness
- doença
- Illness; a disease or condition causing poor health
- riqueza
- Wealth; an abundance of money or valuable possessions
- pobreza
- Poverty; the state of being extremely poor
- prazer
- Pleasure; a feeling of enjoyment or satisfaction
- dor
- Pain; physical or emotional suffering or discomfort
- indiferentes
- Indifferent; having no particular importance or value
- apenas
- Only or just; nothing more than something
- esfera
- Sphere; a domain or area of activity or influence
- agir
- To act; to take action or do something
- ideal
- Ideal; a standard of perfection to strive toward
- Sábio
- Sage or wise man; a person of great wisdom
- suficiente
- Sufficient; enough to meet a need or requirement
- mesmo
- Even or same; used for emphasis or equivalence
- conhecendo
- Knowing; gerund of 'conhecer', to know
- verdades
- Truths; plural of 'verdade', true facts or principles
- feliz
- Happy; feeling or showing joy and contentment
- estendido
- Stretched or extended; laid out or spread open
- instrumento
- Instrument or tool; a device used for a purpose
- tortura
- Torture; the act of causing severe pain deliberately
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