Meditations — Page 12

English → Chinese Preface Level 9/10

It is probable that no Stoic claimed for himself that he was this Wise Man, but that each strove after it as an ideal much as the Christian strives after a likeness to Christ.

很可能没有任何斯多葛派人士声称自己就是这位智者，而是每个人都将其作为一种理想而追求，就如同基督徒追求效仿基督一样。

The exaggeration in this statement was, however, so obvious, that the later Stoics were driven to make a further subdivision of things indifferent into what is preferable (προηγμένα) and what is undesirable (ἀποπροηγμένα).

然而，这一说法中的夸大之处如此明显，以至于后期的斯多葛派人士不得不将"无关紧要之事"进一步细分为"较为可取的"（προηγμένα）和"较为不可取的"（ἀποπροηγμένα）。

They also held that for him who had not attained to the perfect wisdom, certain actions were proper. (καθήκοντα) These were neither virtuous nor vicious, but, like the indifferent things, held a middle place.

他们还认为，对于尚未达到完美智慧的人而言，某些行为是适当的（καθήκοντα）。这些行为既非有德，也非有过，而是如同那些无关紧要之事一样，处于中间地位。

Two points in the Stoic system deserve special mention.

斯多葛体系中有两点值得特别提及。

One is a careful distinction between things which are in our power and things which are not.

其一是对在我们力所能及之事与不在我们力所能及之事之间所作的审慎区分。

Desire and dislike, opinion and affection, are within the power of the will; whereas health, wealth, honour, and other such are generally not so.

欲望与厌恶、见解与情感，皆在意志的掌控之内；而健康、财富、荣誉及其他诸如此类之事，通常则不然。

The Stoic was called upon to control his desires and affections, and to guide his opinion; to bring his whole being under the sway of the will or leading principle, just as the universe is guided and governed by divine Providence.

斯多葛派人士被要求克制自己的欲望与情感，引导自己的见解，将整个身心置于意志或主导原则的支配之下，正如宇宙受神圣天意的引导与统治一般。

This is a special application of the favourite Greek virtue of moderation, (σωφροσύνη) and has also its parallel in Christian ethics.

这是希腊人最推崇的美德——节制（σωφροσύνη）的一种具体运用，在基督教伦理中亦有其相对应之处。

The second point is a strong insistence on the unity of the universe, and on man's duty as part of a great whole.

其二是对宇宙统一性的强烈坚持，以及对人作为宏大整体之一部分所应尽义务的强调。

Vocabulary

很: hěn — Very; used to intensify adjectives or adverbs.
可能: kěnéng — Possibly; maybe; likelihood of something occurring.
没有: méiyǒu — Do not have; there is not; negation of existence.
任何: rènhé — Any; whichever; used before nouns without restriction.
派: pài — School; faction; sect or group sharing beliefs.
人士: rénshì — Person; personage; individual of a particular group.
声称: shēngchēng — Claim; assert; to state something as being true.
自己: zìjǐ — Oneself; self; referring back to the subject.
就是: jiùshì — Exactly is; precisely; used for emphasis or confirmation.
这位: zhè wèi — This (person); polite reference to a specific individual.
智者: zhìzhě — Wise person; sage; someone of great wisdom.
而是: érshì — But rather; instead; used to introduce a contrast.
每个: měi gè — Every; each one; referring to all individuals.
人: rén — Person; human being; people in general.
都: dōu — All; both; every; indicates inclusiveness.
将: jiāng — Will; about to; indicates future action or direction.
其: qí — Its; his; her; their; third-person possessive pronoun.
作为: zuòwéi — Regard as; treat as; in the capacity of something.
一种: yī zhǒng — A kind of; one type of; a sort of.
理想: lǐxiǎng — Ideal; aspiration; a perfect standard to strive for.
而: ér — And; yet; but; connects contrasting or sequential clauses.
追求: zhuīqiú — Pursue; strive for; seek after a goal or ideal.
就: jiù — Just; then; exactly; emphatic or resultative adverb.
如同: rútóng — Just like; similar to; in the same way as.
基督徒: Jīdūtú — Christian; a follower of Jesus Christ's teachings.
效仿: xiàofǎng — Emulate; imitate; follow as a model or example.
基督: Jīdū — Christ; referring to Jesus Christ in Christianity.
一样: yīyàng — The same; alike; just as; identical in manner.
然而: rán'ér — However; nevertheless; yet; introduces a contrast.
这一: zhè yī — This particular; this one; referring to a specific item.
说法: shuōfǎ — Statement; claim; way of saying or expressing something.
中: zhōng — In; within; inside; among a group or context.
的: de — Structural particle indicating possession or modification.
夸大: kuādà — Exaggerate; overstate; magnify beyond actual proportion.
之处: zhī chù — The aspect of; the part where something exists.
如此: rúcǐ — So; such; like this; to this degree or extent.
明显: míngxiǎn — Obvious; evident; clearly apparent to observation.
以至于: yǐzhìyú — So much so that; to the extent that; consequently.
后期: hòuqī — Later period; latter stage; subsequent phase of development.
不得不: bùdébù — Have no choice but to; must; be compelled to.
无关紧要: wúguān jǐnyào — Unimportant; irrelevant; of no significant consequence.
进一步: jìn yī bù — Further; go a step further; more deeply or thoroughly.
细分: xìfēn — Subdivide; classify in finer detail; break into categories.
为: wéi — As; into; be; used to indicate a resultant state.
较为: jiào wéi — Relatively; comparatively; somewhat more than average.
可取: kěqǔ — Preferable; desirable; worth choosing or recommending.
和: hé — And; together with; connecting two items or ideas.
不可取: bù kěqǔ — Not preferable; undesirable; not worth choosing.
他们: tāmen — They; them; third-person plural pronoun.
还: hái — Also; still; furthermore; additionally in a statement.
认为: rènwéi — Think; believe; consider; hold an opinion about.
对于: duìyú — Regarding; with respect to; concerning a subject.
尚未: shàngwèi — Not yet; still have not; as of now incomplete.
达到: dádào — Reach; achieve; attain a level or standard.
完美: wánměi — Perfect; flawless; without any defect or shortcoming.
智慧: zhìhuì — Wisdom; sagacity; deep understanding and good judgment.
而言: éryán — In terms of; speaking of; with regard to something.
某些: mǒuxiē — Certain; some; particular unspecified items or people.
行为: xíngwéi — Behavior; conduct; actions performed by a person.
是: shì — Is; am; are; basic copula linking subject and predicate.
适当: shìdàng — Appropriate; suitable; fitting for a given situation.
这些: zhèxiē — These; referring to a group of nearby things or people.
既非: jì fēi — Neither; not one nor the other; dual negation.
有德: yǒu dé — Virtuous; having moral virtue; possessing good character.
也非: yě fēi — Nor; also not; continuing a double negation.
有过: yǒu guò — Having faults; blameworthy; guilty of wrongdoing.
那些: nàxiē — Those; referring to a group of distant things or people.
处于: chǔyú — Be in; be at; occupy a particular state or position.
中间: zhōngjiān — Middle; in between; intermediate position or status.
地位: dìwèi — Status; position; standing in a hierarchy or society.
体系: tǐxì — System; framework; structured set of interconnected elements.
有: yǒu — Have; there is; exist; indicates possession or existence.
两点: liǎng diǎn — Two points; two aspects; a pair of notable features.
值得: zhídé — Worth; deserve; merit attention or consideration.
特别: tèbié — Especially; particularly; special or out of the ordinary.
提及: tí jí — Mention; bring up; refer to in speech or writing.
其一: qí yī — First; the first point; one of several items listed.
对: duì — Regarding; toward; correct; in relation to something.
在: zài — At; in; be located; indicates location or existence.
我们: wǒmen — We; us; first-person plural pronoun.
力所能及: lì suǒ néng jí — Within one's ability; what one is capable of doing.
与: yǔ — And; with; together with; connecting nouns or phrases.
不在: bú zài — Not within; outside of; not present or available.
之间: zhījiān — Between; among; in the space separating two things.
所作: suǒ zuò — What is done; actions taken; things one has performed.
审慎: shěnshèn — Prudent; cautious; careful and deliberate in judgment.
区分: qūfēn — Distinguish; differentiate; draw a distinction between things.
欲望: yùwàng — Desire; craving; strong wish for something.
厌恶: yànwù — Aversion; disgust; strong dislike toward something.
见解: jiànjiě — Opinion; view; personal understanding or perspective.
情感: qínggǎn — Emotion; feeling; affective state of the mind.
皆: jiē — All; entirely; without exception; classical all-inclusive term.
意志: yìzhì — Will; willpower; determination to act on decisions.
掌控: zhǎngkòng — Control; command; have authority over something.
之内: zhī nèi — Within; inside; inside the scope of something.
健康: jiànkāng — Health; healthy; good physical or mental condition.
财富: cáifù — Wealth; riches; abundance of valuable possessions.
荣誉: róngyù — Honor; glory; recognition of merit or distinction.
及: jí — And; as well as; reaching; including additional items.
其他: qítā — Other; else; the rest; remaining unspecified items.
诸如此类: zhū rú cǐ lèi — Such things; and so forth; things of this kind.
通常: tōngcháng — Usually; normally; in most ordinary circumstances.
则: zé — Then; in contrast; on the other hand; conditional marker.
不然: bùrán — Otherwise; not so; if not; indicates a contrary case.
被: bèi — By; passive marker indicating subject receives action.
要求: yāoqiú — Require; demand; ask that something be done.
克制: kèzhì — Restrain; control; hold back impulses or desires.
引导: yǐndǎo — Guide; lead; direct toward a goal or direction.
整个: zhěnggè — Entire; whole; the complete totality of something.
身心: shēnxīn — Body and mind; physical and mental aspects together.
置于: zhì yú — Place in; put under; position within a context.
或: huò — Or; either; alternatively; indicates a choice between options.
主导: zhǔdǎo — Dominant; leading; guiding principle or controlling force.
原则: yuánzé — Principle; rule; fundamental guideline governing conduct.
支配: zhīpèi — Dominate; control; govern the use or direction of.
之下: zhī xià — Under; beneath; subordinate to a higher authority.
正如: zhèngrú — Just as; exactly like; in the same way that.
宇宙: yǔzhòu — Universe; cosmos; all of space and matter existing.
受: shòu — Receive; be subject to; undergo an action or influence.
神圣: shénshèng — Divine; sacred; holy; of or relating to the divine.
天意: tiānyì — Providence; divine will; the intentions of heaven.
统治: tǒngzhì — Rule; govern; exercise authority over a domain.
一般: yībān — Generally; in general; ordinary; like; similar to.
这: zhè — This; referring to something nearby or just mentioned.
希腊人: Xīlà rén — Greek person; a person of Greek origin or culture.
最: zuì — Most; -est; superlative degree marker for adjectives.
推崇: tuīchóng — Esteem highly; revere; hold in great admiration.
美德: měidé — Virtue; moral excellence; admirable ethical quality.
节制: jiézhì — Temperance; moderation; self-restraint in behavior.
具体: jùtǐ — Specific; concrete; referring to particular details.
运用: yùnyòng — Apply; make use of; put into practical application.
基督教: Jīdūjiào — Christianity; the religion based on Christ's teachings.
伦理: lúnlǐ — Ethics; moral principles governing conduct and values.
亦: yì — Also; too; likewise; classical synonym for 也.
相对应: xiāng duìyìng — Correspond; match up with; have a counterpart in.
其二: qí èr — Second; the second point; another of several items.
统一性: tǒngyīxìng — Unity; oneness; the quality of being unified.
强烈: qiángliè — Strong; intense; powerful in degree or feeling.
坚持: jiānchí — Insist; persist; maintain firmly despite difficulty.
以及: yǐjí — As well as; and also; in addition to something.
宏大: hóngdà — Grand; magnificent; vast in scale or ambition.
整体: zhěngtǐ — Whole; entirety; the complete entity as one unit.
之: zhī — Of; possessive particle used in formal or literary text.
一部分: yī bùfen — A part; a portion; one segment of a larger whole.
所应: suǒ yīng — What one ought to; that which should be done.
尽: jìn — Fulfill; exhaust; carry out to the fullest extent.
义务: yìwù — Duty; obligation; responsibility one is bound to fulfill.
强调: qiángdiào — Emphasize; stress; highlight the importance of something.

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