On Liberty — Page 5

Vocabulary

Morì

mo-rì — He/she died; past tense of 'morire'

nel

nel — In the; contraction of 'in' and 'il'

trascorrendo

tra-scor-ren-do — Spending or passing time; gerund of 'trascorrere'

gli

gli — The; masculine plural definite article

ultimi

ul-ti-mi — Last, final; masculine plural adjective

anni

an-ni — Years; plural of 'anno'

serenamente

se-re-na-men-te — Serenely, calmly; adverb describing peaceful manner

nella

nel-la — In the; contraction of 'in' and 'la'

piacevole

pia-ce-vo-le — Pleasant, agreeable; adjective describing enjoyable things

compagnia

com-pa-gni-a — Company, companionship; presence of others

della

del-la — Of the; feminine singular contraction

sua

su-a — His/her; feminine singular possessive adjective

figliastra

fi-glia-stra — Stepdaughter; daughter of one's spouse

dalle

dal-le — From the; feminine plural contraction

cui

cu-i — Whose, of whom; relative pronoun

tenere

te-ne-re — Tender, gentle; adjective describing affectionate care

cure

cu-re — Cares, attentions; acts of looking after someone

e

e — And; basic coordinating conjunction

dalla

dal-la — From the; feminine singular contraction

sincera

sin-ce-ra — Sincere, genuine; adjective describing authentic feelings

simpatia

sim-pa-ti-a — Sympathy, fondness; warm feeling toward someone

intellettuale

in-tel-let-tu-a-le — Intellectual; relating to the mind and reasoning

colse

col-se — Gathered, caught; past tense of 'cogliere'

forse

for-se — Perhaps, maybe; adverb expressing uncertainty

un

un — A, an; masculine singular indefinite article

lontano

lon-ta-no — Distant, far; adjective or adverb of distance

riflesso

ri-fles-so — Reflection, echo; faint image or trace of something

luce

lu-ce — Light; illumination or spiritual brightness

che

che — That, which, who; versatile relative conjunction

aveva

a-ve-va — Had; imperfect tense of 'avere'

irradiato

ir-ra-dia-to — Radiated, shone forth; past participle of 'irradiare'

la

la — The; feminine singular definite article

vita

vi-ta — Life; existence or way of living

spirituale

spi-ri-tu-a-le — Spiritual; relating to the spirit or inner life

Le

le — The; feminine plural definite article

circostanze

cir-co-stan-ze — Circumstances, conditions; plural of 'circostanza'

in

in — In, into; basic Italian preposition

scrisse

scris-se — Wrote; simple past tense of 'scrivere'

_Libertà_

li-ber-tà — Liberty; title of Mill's essay 'On Liberty'

sono

so-no — Are; present tense of 'essere'

gran

gran — Great, large; shortened form of 'grande'

parte

par-te — Part; portion or share of something

legate

le-ga-te — Linked, tied; connected or related to something

all'

al-l' — To the; contraction before vowel-starting words

influenza

in-flu-en-za — Influence; power to affect someone or something

signora

si-gno-ra — Mrs., lady; polite title for a woman

esercitò

e-ser-ci-tò — Exercised, exerted; past tense of 'esercitare'

sulla

sul-la — On the; feminine singular contraction

carriera

car-rie-ra — Career; professional path or course of work

La

la — The; feminine singular definite article

dedica

de-di-ca — Dedication; inscription at front of a book

è

è — Is; third person singular of 'essere'

ben

ben — Well, very; adverb intensifying adjectives or verbs

nota

no-ta — Known, noted; widely recognized or famous

Contiene

con-tie-ne — Contains; holds or includes something within it

il

il — The; masculine singular definite article

più

più — More, most; comparative or superlative adverb

straordinario

stra-or-di-na-rio — Extraordinary, remarkable; far beyond the ordinary

su

su — On, about; preposition indicating topic or surface

una

u-na — A, an; feminine singular indefinite article

donna

don-na — Woman; adult female person

qualsiasi

qual-sia-si — Any, whatever; referring to any possible one

filosofo

fi-lo-so-fo — Philosopher; one who studies fundamental questions

abbia

ab-bia — Has; present subjunctive of 'avere'

mai

mai — Ever, never; adverb of time or negation

Se

se — If; conditional conjunction introducing hypothesis

fossi

fos-si — Were; imperfect subjunctive of 'essere'

capace

ca-pa-ce — Capable, able; having the ability to do something

di

di — Of, from; extremely common Italian preposition

interpretare

in-ter-pre-ta-re — To interpret; to explain or convey meaning

per

per — For, through; preposition of purpose or movement

mondo

mon-do — World; the earth or human society

anche

an-che — Also, even; additive or emphatic adverb

solo

so-lo — Only, alone; adverb limiting or restricting meaning

metà

me-tà — Half; one of two equal parts

grandi

gran-di — Great, large; masculine/feminine plural of 'grande'

pensieri

pen-sie-ri — Thoughts; plural of 'pensiero'

nobili

no-bi-li — Noble; elevated in quality or moral character

sentimenti

sen-ti-men-ti — Feelings, sentiments; plural of 'sentimento'

sepolti

se-pol-ti — Buried; past participle of 'seppellire'

tomba

tom-ba — Tomb, grave; place where a body is buried

sarei

sa-rei — I would be; conditional of 'essere'

tramite

tra-mi-te — Through, by means of; intermediary or channel

beneficio

be-ne-fi-cio — Benefit; advantage or helpful contribution

esso

es-so — It, that; third person singular pronoun

maggiore

mag-gio-re — Greater, larger; comparative of 'grande'

cosa

co-sa — Thing; object or matter being discussed

possa

pos-sa — Can, may; present subjunctive of 'potere'

derivare

de-ri-va-re — To derive, come from; originate from a source

da

da — From, by; preposition of origin or agent

tutto

tut-to — All, everything; totality without exception

ciò

ciò — That, this; demonstrative pronoun referring to things

posso

pos-so — I can; first person singular of 'potere'

scrivere

scri-ve-re — To write; to put words on paper or screen

senza

sen-za — Without; preposition indicating absence or lack

l'

l' — The; elided definite article before vowels

impulso

im-pul-so — Impulse, drive; motivating force or stimulus

assistenza

as-si-sten-za — Assistance, support; help provided to someone

saggezza

sag-gez-za — Wisdom; deep knowledge and good judgment

pressoché

pres-so-ché — Nearly, almost; adverb of approximation

pari

pa-ri — Equal, on par; at the same level

È

è — Is; third person singular of 'essere'

facile

fa-ci-le — Easy, simple; not requiring much effort

comune

co-mu-ne — Common, ordinary; widespread or shared by many

cinismo

ci-ni-smo — Cynicism; distrustful attitude toward human sincerity

mondano

mon-da-no — Worldly, mundane; relating to social or earthly matters

labbro

lab-bro — Lip; either of the two fleshy mouth edges

scettico

scet-ti-co — Skeptical; doubting or questioning sincerity

fronte

fron-te — Face, front; in front of or confronted with

a

a — To, at; basic Italian preposition of direction

frasi

fra-si — Phrases, sentences; plural of 'frase'

come

co-me — Like, as, how; conjunction or adverb of comparison

queste

que-ste — These; feminine plural demonstrative adjective

Può

può — Can, may; third person singular of 'potere'

esservi

es-ser-vi — There can be; 'essere' combined with 'vi'

un'

un' — A, an; feminine indefinite article before vowels

esagerazione

e-sa-ge-ra-zio-ne — Exaggeration; overstatement beyond actual truth

del

del — Of the; masculine singular contraction

sentimento

sen-ti-men-to — Feeling, emotion; inner emotional state

reazione

re-a-zio-ne — Reaction; response to a stimulus or situation

necessaria

ne-ces-sa-ria — Necessary; required or unavoidable

inevitabile

i-ne-vi-ta-bi-le — Inevitable; unable to be avoided or prevented

uomo

uo-mo — Man; adult male human being

fu

fu — Was; simple past tense of 'essere'

educato

e-du-ca-to — Educated, raised; brought up in a certain manner

secondo

se-con-do — According to; in conformity with something

arida

a-ri-da — Arid, dry; lacking warmth or emotional richness

tanto

tan-to — So much, so; adverb of degree or quantity

poco

po-co — Little, few; small amount or degree

impressionabile

im-pres-sio-na-bi-le — Impressionable; easily affected by emotions

padre

pa-dre — Father; male parent

ma

ma — But; adversative conjunction showing contrast

passo

pas-so — Passage; excerpt or section from a text

citato

ci-ta-to — Quoted, cited; referenced from a text

non

non — Not; basic negation adverb

unico

u-ni-co — Unique, only; the single one of its kind

proclama

pro-cla-ma — Proclaims; declares publicly or emphatically

incondizionata

in-con-di-zio-na-ta — Unconditional; without any conditions or reservations

fede

fe-de — Faith, trust; strong belief in someone or something

nell'

nell' — In the; contraction before vowel-starting words

moglie

mo-glie — Wife; married female partner

Il

il — The; masculine singular definite article

trattato

trat-ta-to — Treatise; formal written work on a subject

soprattutto

so-prat-tut-to — Above all, especially; most importantly

sotto

sot-to — Under, beneath; below in position or influence

autorità

au-to-ri-tà — Authority; power or influence over others

suo

su-o — His/her; masculine singular possessive adjective

incoraggiamento

in-co-rag-gia-men-to — Encouragement; support that motivates continued effort

vi

vi — There, here; locative pronoun or adverb

molti

mol-ti — Many; masculine plural adjective of quantity

riferimenti

ri-fe-ri-men-ti — References; plural mentions or citations

precedenti

pre-ce-den-ti — Previous, preceding; coming before in time

al

al — To the; masculine singular contraction

potere

po-te-re — Power; ability or authority to do something

ella

el-la — She; formal third person feminine pronoun

mente

men-te — Mind; the faculty of thought and intellect