On Liberty — Page 2

Vocabulary

나는

na-neun — I; first-person singular subject pronoun in Korean

결코

gyeol-ko — Never; used to emphasize absolute negation

소년이었던

so-nyeon-i-eot-deon — Who was a boy; past descriptive form of 소년이다

적이

jeok-i — Experience or instance of; used with negation

없었고

eop-seot-go — Did not exist and; past tense connective of 없다

그는

geu-neun — He; third-person singular male subject pronoun

말한다

mal-han-da — Says; present tense declarative form of 말하다

한 번도

han beon-do — Not even once; emphasizes complete absence of experience

해본

hae-bon — Having tried; past experiential modifier form of 하다

없었다

eop-seot-da — Did not exist; past tense declarative of 없다

그의

geu-eui — His; possessive form of third-person male pronoun

운동은

un-dong-eun — Exercise or physical activity; topic-marked noun

아버지와

a-beo-ji-wa — With father; comitative particle attached to 아버지

함께하는

ham-kke-ha-neun — Doing together; present modifier form of 함께하다

산책의

san-chaek-eui — Of a walk; genitive form of 산책 meaning stroll

형태로

hyeong-tae-ro — In the form of; directional particle on 형태

이루어졌으며

i-ru-eo-jeot-eu-myeo — Was accomplished and; past passive connective form

그

geu — That; demonstrative determiner referring to previously mentioned noun

산책

san-chaek — A walk or stroll; leisurely outdoor walking activity

중에

jung-e — During; locative form indicating something happening within a period

연장자인

yeon-jang-ja-in — Who is the elder; modifier form of 연장자

아들에게

a-deul-e-ge — To the son; dative particle form of 아들

강의를

gang-eui-reul — Lecture; object-marked noun meaning a formal lesson

하고

ha-go — Doing and; connective form of 하다 linking clauses

학업에

hag-eop-e — On studies; locative form of 학업 meaning academic work

대해

dae-hae — Regarding; about; postposition expressing topic reference

시험을

si-heom-eul — Exam or test; object-marked noun meaning examination

쳤다

chyeot-da — Administered or struck; past tense of 치다 in exam context

다른

da-reun — Different or other; adjective modifier meaning another kind

방식의

bang-sik-eui — Of a method; genitive form of 방식 meaning way or style

교육이

gyo-yuk-i — Education; subject-marked noun referring to schooling

가져왔을

ga-jyeo-wat-seul — Would have brought; past conditional modifier of 가져오다

가능한

ga-neung-han — Possible; adjective modifier meaning capable of occurring

결과에

gyeol-gwa-e — On the result; locative form of 결과 meaning outcome

추측하는

chu-cheuk-ha-neun — Speculating or guessing; present modifier form of 추측하다

것은

geot-eun — The act of; nominalizer 것 with topic particle 은

무의미하다

mu-eui-mi-ha-da — Is meaningless or pointless; adjective base form

평생

pyeong-saeng — Lifetime; entire duration of one's life

동안

dong-an — During; for a period of time; temporal postposition

허약한

heo-yak-han — Weak or frail; adjective describing physical feebleness

상태로

sang-tae-ro — In a state of; instrumental form of 상태 meaning condition

지냈지만

ji-naet-ji-man — Lived but; past tense concessive connective of 지내다

육체적

yuk-che-jeok — Physical; adjective relating to the body or flesh

허약함과

heo-yak-ham-gwa — Weakness and; noun form of 허약하다 with conjunctive particle

자주

ja-ju — Often; frequently; adverb indicating high frequency

결합되는

gyeol-hap-doe-neun — Being combined; present passive modifier of 결합되다

강렬한

gang-nyeol-han — Intense or powerful; adjective describing strong force

정신적

jeong-sin-jeok — Mental or intellectual; adjective relating to the mind

에너지를

e-neo-ji-reul — Energy; object-marked loanword meaning vitality or power

부여받았다

bu-yeo-bat-at-da — Was endowed with; past tense of 부여받다

청춘은

cheong-chun-eun — Youth; topic-marked noun meaning one's young years

하나의

ha-na-eui — One; genitive form of 하나 meaning a single thing

이념을

i-nyeom-eul — Ideology; object-marked noun meaning belief system

위해

wi-hae — For the sake of; postposition expressing purpose

희생되었고

hui-saeng-doe-eot-go — Was sacrificed and; past passive connective of 희생되다

아버지의

a-beo-ji-eui — Father's; genitive form of 아버지

작업을

jag-eop-eul — Work or task; object-marked noun meaning project

이어가도록

i-eo-ga-do-rok — So as to continue; purposive connective of 이어가다

아버지에

a-beo-ji-e — By the father; locative or agent marker on 아버지

의해

eui-hae — By means of; postposition indicating agent or cause

설계되었으며

seol-gye-doe-eot-eu-myeo — Was designed and; past passive connective of 설계되다

소년의

so-nyeon-eui — Boy's; genitive form of 소년 meaning male child

개성은

gae-seong-eun — Individuality; topic-marked noun meaning personal character

중요하지

jung-yo-ha-ji — Not important; negation base of 중요하다 meaning significant

않았다

an-at-da — Did not; past tense negation auxiliary verb

열네

yeol-ne — Fourteen; native Korean number fourteen

살의

sal-eui — Years old; genitive form of 살 meaning age in years

나이에

na-i-e — At the age of; locative form of 나이 meaning age

장군의

jang-gun-eui — General's; genitive form of 장군 meaning military general

가족과

ga-jok-gwa — With family; comitative particle attached to 가족

함께한

ham-kke-han — Done together with; past modifier form of 함께하다

프랑스

peu-rang-seu — France; Korean transliteration of the country France

남부

nam-bu — Southern part; noun meaning south region of an area

방문은

bang-mun-eun — Visit; topic-marked noun meaning an act of visiting

영향이

yeong-hyang-i — Influence; subject-marked noun meaning effect or impact

없지

eop-ji — Does not exist; negation base form of 없다

그것은

geu-geot-eun — That; topic-marked pronoun referring to previously mentioned thing

또

tto — Also or again; adverb meaning additionally or furthermore

분위기를

bun-wi-gi-reul — Atmosphere or ambiance; object-marked noun

엿보는

yeot-bo-neun — Glimpsing or peeping at; present modifier of 엿보다

기회였지만

gi-hoe-yeot-ji-man — Was an opportunity but; past concessive of 기회이다

가정생활의

ga-jeong-saeng-hwal-eui — Of home life; genitive form of 가정생활

학구적인

hak-gu-jeok-in — Academic or scholarly; adjective modifier meaning studious

습관은

seup-gwan-eun — Habit; topic-marked noun meaning a regular practice

유지되었다

yu-ji-doe-eot-da — Was maintained; past passive of 유지되다

더욱이

deo-uk-i — Furthermore or moreover; adverb adding additional information

방문으로부터

bang-mun-eu-ro-bu-teo — From the visit; ablative form of 방문

외국

oe-guk — Foreign country; noun meaning a nation other than one's own

정치에

jeong-chi-e — In politics; locative form of 정치 meaning political affairs

관심을

gwan-sim-eul — Interest; object-marked noun meaning attention or concern

얻었으며

eot-eot-eu-myeo — Gained and; past tense connective of 얻다

생애

saeng-ae — Lifetime; one's entire life span

말까지

mal-kka-ji — Until the end; particle 까지 on 말 meaning end

특성

teuk-seong — Characteristic or trait; distinctive quality of a person

중

jung — Among; postposition meaning within a group or set

하나로

ha-na-ro — As one; instrumental form of 하나 meaning single item

남았다

nam-at-da — Remained; past tense of 남다 meaning to stay or remain

인도

in-do — India; Korean name for the country India

심사관

sim-sa-gwan — Examiner or inspector; official who reviews applications

사무소에서

sa-mu-so-e-seo — At the office; locative form of 사무소 meaning office

하급

ha-geup — Lower rank; adjective noun meaning subordinate level

서기로

seo-gi-ro — As a clerk; instrumental form of 서기 meaning clerk

임명되었다

im-myeong-doe-eot-da — Was appointed; past passive of 임명되다

첫

cheot — First; ordinal adjective meaning the earliest or initial

번째

beon-jjae — Ordinal suffix; attached to numbers to form ordinals

에세이들은

e-se-i-deul-eun — Essays; topic-marked plural noun meaning written compositions

그가

geu-ga — He; subject-marked third-person male pronoun

들어가기

deul-eo-ga-gi — Entering; nominalized form of 들어가다 meaning to go in

약

yak — About or approximately; adverb indicating rough quantity

1년

il-lyeon — One year; noun phrase meaning a period of twelve months

전에

jeon-e — Before; temporal postposition meaning prior to

에

e — In or at; basic locative or directional particle

실렸다

sil-lyeot-da — Was published; past tense of 실리다 meaning to be carried

그때부터

geu-ttae-bu-teo — From that time; temporal phrase meaning since then

문학적

mun-hak-jeok — Literary; adjective relating to literature or writing

작업은

jag-eop-eun — Work or project; topic-marked noun meaning creative task

질병의

jil-byeong-eui — Of illness; genitive form of 질병 meaning disease

발작을

bal-jak-eul — Seizure or attack; object-marked noun meaning sudden episode

제외하고는

je-oe-ha-go-neun — Except for; excluding; connective phrase of 제외하다

중단되지

jung-dan-doe-ji — Not interrupted; negation base of 중단되다

근면함은

geun-myeon-ham-eun — Diligence; topic-marked noun meaning industriousness

경이로운

gyeong-i-ro-un — Wondrous or amazing; adjective meaning remarkable

수준이었다

su-jun-i-eot-da — Was at a level; past tense of 수준이다 meaning standard

정치적

jeong-chi-jeok — Political; adjective relating to politics or governance

철학적

cheol-hak-jeok — Philosophical; adjective relating to philosophy

종교적

jong-gyo-jeok — Religious; adjective relating to religion or faith

시적인

si-jeok-in — Poetic; adjective modifier relating to poetry

주제들을

ju-je-deul-eul — Topics or subjects; object-marked plural noun

포함한

po-ham-han — Including; past modifier form of 포함하다 meaning to include

무한히

mu-han-hi — Infinitely; adverb meaning without limit or endlessly

다양한

da-yang-han — Diverse or varied; adjective meaning having many kinds

주제들에

ju-je-deul-e — On topics; locative-marked plural form of 주제

관한

gwan-han — Concerning or about; modifier form of 관하다

글을

geul-eul — Writing or text; object-marked noun meaning written work

썼다

sseot-da — Wrote; past tense of 쓰다 meaning to write

자신의

ja-sin-eui — One's own; reflexive possessive pronoun modifier

세대를

se-dae-reul — Generation; object-marked noun meaning a group of contemporaries

발굴하였고

bal-gul-ha-yeot-go — Discovered and; past connective of 발굴하다 meaning to unearth

혁명

hyeong-myeong — Revolution; noun meaning a major political or social upheaval

집필뿐만

jip-pil-ppun-man — Not only the writing of; focus particle on 집필

아니라

a-ni-ra — Not only; connective used in 뿐만 아니라 construction

성공에도

seong-gong-e-do — Also to the success; additive particle on 성공

영향을

yeong-hyang-eul — Influence; object-marked noun meaning effect on something

미쳤다

mi-chyeot-da — Had an influence; past tense of 미치다 meaning to reach or affect