On the Method of Zadig: Essay #1 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" — Page 13

Vocabulary

言え

ie — Even so; that being said (concessive expression)

こと

koto — Thing; fact; matter (nominalizer)

は

wa — Topic marker particle

ただ

tada — Only; merely; however; but

天文

tenmon — Astronomy; relating to celestial phenomena

学者

gakusha — Scholar; academic; learned person

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle

将来

shōrai — Future; one's prospects going forward

予測

yosoku — Prediction; forecast; anticipation of future events

常に

tsuneni — Always; constantly; at all times

検証

kenshō — Verification; testing; confirming validity of something

される

sareru — Passive verb ending; to be done to

という

to iu — Called; known as; the fact that

そして

soshite — And then; and; furthermore

彼

kare — He; him; that person (male)

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-like', '-al', or '-ive'

前向き

maemuki — Forward-looking; positive; proactive attitude

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, time, or purpose

適用

tekiyō — Application; putting a rule into practice

すれ

sure — Conditional form of suru (to do)

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'

必ず

kanarazu — Certainly; without fail; always

済み

zumi — Already done; completed; finished (suffix)

結果

kekka — Result; outcome; consequence

を

wo — Object marker particle

もたらす

motarasu — To bring about; to cause; to produce a result

と

to — Quotation or conjunctive particle; and; with

まったく

mattaku — Completely; entirely; absolutely; indeed

同じ

onaji — Same; identical; equal

方法

hōhō — Method; way; means of doing something

逆向き

sakamuki — Reversed direction; backward-facing orientation

たどっ

tadot- — Traced; followed a path (stem of tadoru)

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb ending

で

de — Particle indicating means, location, or cause

ある

aru — To be; to exist (for inanimate things)

が

ga — Subject marker particle; but; however

ゆえ

yue — Because; therefore; reason; cause

一方

ippō — On one hand; meanwhile; one side

完全

kanzen — Complete; perfect; total; absolute

信頼

shinrai — Trust; confidence; reliance on someone

する

suru — To do; to perform; general action verb

だけ

dake — Only; just; as much as

理由

riyū — Reason; grounds; cause for something

他方

tahō — On the other hand; the other side

も

mo — Also; too; even; as well

存在

sonzai — Existence; being; presence of something

学

gaku — Learning; study; science; academic discipline

正当

seitō — Legitimate; justifiable; proper; rightful

な

na — Adjectival ending for na-adjectives

機能

kinō — Function; capability; role something plays

あり

ari — There is; exists; having (classical/formal form)

科学

kagaku — Science; natural or empirical study

とっ

tot- — Stem form of toru; here used in 'totte' (for)

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting verb phrases

なら

nara — If; in that case; as for (conditional)

すべて

subete — All; everything; entirely

その

sono — That (demonstrative adjective near listener)

根拠

konkyo — Basis; grounds; evidence for a claim

なる

naru — To become; to form; to be (predicative)

根本

konpon — Root; foundation; fundamental basis

公理

kōri — Axiom; self-evident fundamental principle

すなわち

sunawachi — That is; namely; in other words

自然

shizen — Nature; natural; occurring without human intervention

秩序

chitsujo — Order; discipline; organized arrangement

不変

fuhen — Invariance; constancy; unchanging nature

性

sei / shō — Suffix indicating nature, quality, or property

あらゆる

arayuru — Every; all kinds of; any possible

思考

shikō — Thought; thinking; reasoning process

共通

kyōtsū — Common; shared; mutual to all parties

基盤

kiban — Foundation; base; underlying platform

なす

nasu — To form; to constitute; to make up

もの

mono — Thing; object; that which is (nominalizer)

だ

da — Copula; plain form of 'to be'

から

kara — Because; from; since (reason or origin)

実際

jissai — In reality; actually; in practice

程度

teido — Degree; extent; level; measure

いくつ

ikutsu — How many; several; a number of

か

ka — Question particle or 'some-' prefix in compounds

分野

bun'ya — Field; area; domain of study or work

より

yori — More than; compared to; from

有利

yūri — Advantageous; favorable; beneficial position

立場

tachiba — Position; standpoint; one's situation or stance

それら

sorera — Those (plural demonstrative pronoun)

可能

kanō — Possible; feasible; capable of being done

なく

naku — Without; not having; lacking (negative conjunctive)

時

toki — Time; moment; occasion; when

として

toshite — As; in the capacity of; sometimes

著しく

ichijirushiku — Remarkably; notably; to a striking degree

鮮やか

azayaka — Vivid; brilliant; clear; striking in appearance

よう

yō — Like; as if; seeming; in the manner of

地球

chikyū — Earth; the planet we live on

表面

hyōmen — Surface; outer face; exterior layer

構成

kōsei — Composition; structure; forming a whole

岩石

ganseki — Rock; stone; geological mineral matter

中

naka — Inside; within; middle; among

埋め込ま

umekoma — Embedded; buried within (stem form)

れ

re — Passive auxiliary verb stem

動植物

dōshokubutsu — Animals and plants; living organisms collectively

遺骸

igai — Remains; corpse; dead body of organism

解釈

kaishaku — Interpretation; explanation; reading of meaning

生物

seibutsu — Living organism; life form; creature

原理

genri — Principle; fundamental law or theory

応用

ōyō — Application; applied use of knowledge

し

shi — Conjunctive verb form; and (listing reasons)

おり

ori — Continuous state; being (humble/formal form)

それ

sore — That; it (mid-distance demonstrative pronoun)

古

ko / furu — Old; ancient; prefix meaning antiquity

呼ば

yoba — Called; named (stem of yobu, to call)

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb ending

それほど

sorehodo — That much; to that extent; so very

遠く

tōku — Far away; distant; long ago

ない

nai — Not; negative adjective or auxiliary

時代

jidai — Era; age; period of history

いわゆる

iwayuru — So-called; what is known as

化石

kaseki — Fossil; preserved remains of ancient life

本当

hontō — Really; truly; genuine; the truth

どう

dō — How; in what way; what about

問題

mondai — Problem; question; issue; matter of concern

激しく

hageshiku — Fiercely; intensely; violently; vigorously

議論

giron — Argument; debate; discussion of an issue

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix or softening sentence particle

い

i — Verb stem ending or adjective base form

非常

hijō — Extremely; very; unusual; extraordinary

博識

hakushiki — Erudite; broadly knowledgeable; well-read person

人々

hitobito — People; persons; various individuals

全く

mattaku — Completely; entirely; not at all (with negative)

発見

hakken — Discovery; finding something previously unknown

石

ishi — Stone; rock; pebble

内部

naibu — Interior; inside; internal part

生じ

shōji — Arising; occurring; being produced (stem form)

一種

isshu — A kind of; a type of; a sort

結核

kekkaku — Tuberculosis; also nodule or concretion

または

matawa — Or; either; alternatively

結晶

kesshō — Crystal; crystallization; beautiful product of effort

化

ka — Suffix meaning '-ization' or becoming something

窓

mado — Window; opening in a wall

ガラス

garasu — Glass; transparent material (loanword)

霜

shimo — Frost; ice crystals formed on cold surfaces

植物

shokubutsu — Plant; vegetation; flora

模倣

mohō — Imitation; mimicry; copying another's form

形

katachi — Shape; form; figure; appearance

模し

moshi — Imitating; modeled after (stem of masu)

すぎ

sugi — Too much; excessively; going beyond proper limit

主張

shuchō — Claim; assertion; insisting on one's view