Second Treatise of Government — Page 2

Vocabulary

たとえ

tatoe — Even if; supposing that; granted that

それ

sore — That; it; that thing over there

が

ga — Subject marker particle; but; however

決定

kettei — Decision; determination; resolution; conclusion

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix; casual sentence-ending particle

れ

re — Passive/potential verb conjugation suffix

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting verb phrases

い

i — Continuative form of iru; to be (ongoing)

た

ta — Past tense verb ending particle

と

to — Quotation particle; and; with; if

し

shi — Conjunctive particle; furthermore; also; stem of suru

も

mo — Also; even; too; as well

の

no — Possessive/linking particle; of

子孫

shison — Descendants; offspring; posterity

うち

uchi — Among; within; inside; one's group

どの

dono — Which; what (used before nouns)

系統

keitō — Lineage; system; line; genealogical line

最も

mottomo — Most; extremely; above all others

古い

furui — Old; ancient; aged; antiquated

か

ka — Question particle; or; whether

いう

iu — To say; to call; to be called

知識

chishiki — Knowledge; information; learning; understanding

は

wa — Topic marker particle; as for

あまりにも

amari ni mo — Too much; excessively; far too

昔

mukashi — Long ago; ancient times; the past

に

ni — Directional/locative particle; in; at; to

完全

kanzen — Complete; perfect; total; absolute

失わ

ushinawa — Lost (conjunctive form of ushinau)

しまっ

shimatt(e) — Ended up; completed (regrettable result auxiliary)

ため

tame — Because; for the sake of; due to

人類

jinrui — Humankind; humanity; the human race

諸

sho — Various; all; many (prefix for plural nouns)

民族

minzoku — Ethnic group; people; nation; tribe

や

ya — And; or; listing particle (non-exhaustive)

世界

sekai — World; the globe; universe

家系

kakei — Family lineage; genealogy; bloodline

中

naka — Inside; among; in the middle of

で

de — At; by means of; locative/instrumental particle

あり

ari — There is; exists (conjunctive form of aru)

相続

sōzoku — Inheritance; succession to property or title

権利

kenri — Right; entitlement; legal claim

を

wo — Object marker particle

有する

yūsuru — To possess; to have; to own

最小限

saishōgen — Minimum; least possible amount or degree

主張

shuchō — Claim; assertion; argument; insistence

すら

sura — Even; not even (emphatic particle)

他

ta / hoka — Others; another; the rest

優っ

masatt(e) — Surpassing; excelling over others

持ち

mochi — Holding; possessing (conjunctive form of motsu)

得る

eru — To be able to; to obtain; can do

者

mono / sha — Person; one who; individual

一人

hitori — One person; alone; single individual

残っ

nokott(e) — Remaining; left over (conjunctive form)

ない

nai — Not; does not exist; negative ending

以上

ijō — Above; more than; the foregoing; that is all

すべて

subete — All; everything; entirely; the whole

前提

zentei — Premise; precondition; assumption; presupposition

私

watashi — I; me; first person singular pronoun

思う

omou — To think; to feel; to believe; to consider

明確

meikaku — Clear; definite; explicit; unambiguous

示さ

shimesa — Shown; indicated (conjunctive form of shimesu)

すれ

sure — Conditional form of suru; if done

ば

ba — Conditional particle; if; when

現在

genzai — Present; currently; now; at this time

地上

chijō — On earth; above ground; terrestrial

存在

sonzai — Existence; being; presence

する

suru — To do; to perform; to make happen

支配者

shihaisha — Ruler; governor; one who dominates others

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people or animate beings

あらゆる

arayuru — Every; all; any possible kind

権力

kenryoku — Power; authority; political or governmental force

源泉

gensen — Source; origin; fountainhead; wellspring

れる

reru — Passive/potential/spontaneous/honorific verb suffix

私的

shiteki — Private; personal; not public or official

支配

shihai — Control; domination; rule; governance

および

oyobi — And; as well as; together with

父権

fuken — Paternal authority; patriarchal power; fatherly right

的

teki — Adjectival suffix meaning -like, -related, pertaining to

管轄

kankatsu — Jurisdiction; supervision; administrative control

権

ken — Right; authority; power; entitlement (suffix)

から

kara — From; because; after; out of

いかなる

ikanaru — Any; whatever; no matter what kind

利益

rieki — Benefit; profit; advantage; gain

引き出し

hikidashi — Drawing out; deriving; extracting (noun/conjunctive)

あるいは

arui wa — Or; alternatively; either; perhaps

権威

ken'i — Authority; prestige; influence; power

微か

kasuka — Faint; slight; dim; barely perceptible

な

na — Adjectival copula; don't (prohibition); sentence-final

影

kage — Shadow; shade; silhouette; trace

導き出す

michibikidasu — To derive; to lead out; to deduce

こと

koto — Thing; fact; matter; nominalizer

不可能

fukanō — Impossible; not feasible; unachievable

ある

aru — To exist; to be; to have (inanimate)

したがって

shitagatte — Therefore; consequently; accordingly; thus

統治

tōchi — Governance; rule; administration of a state

力

chikara — Power; strength; force; ability

暴力

bōryoku — Violence; force; brute power

のみ

nomi — Only; nothing but; merely (formal particle)

産物

sanbutsu — Product; result; outcome; by-product

人間

ningen — Human being; person; humanity

獣

kemono / jū — Beast; animal; brute creature

掟

okite — Rule; law; code; established custom

すなわち

sunawachi — Namely; that is; in other words; i.e.

強い

tsuyoi — Strong; powerful; mighty; robust

勝つ

katsu — To win; to prevail; to be victorious

以外

igai — Except; other than; aside from

規則

kisoku — Rule; regulation; norm; prescribed order

によって

ni yotte — By means of; according to; depending on

共

tomo — Together; jointly; in common; with

生き

iki — Living; being alive (conjunctive form of ikiru)

考える

kangaeru — To think; to consider; to reflect upon

べき

beki — Should; ought to; must (obligation suffix)

正当

seitō — Legitimate; proper; just; rightful

理由

riyū — Reason; cause; grounds; rationale

与える

ataeru — To give; to provide; to grant; to award

望ま

nozoma — Desired; wished (conjunctive of nozomu)

ず

zu — Negative conjunctive suffix; without doing

永続

eizoku — Permanence; lasting continuity; perpetuation

無秩序

muchitsujo — Disorder; chaos; anarchy; lack of order

害悪

gaiaku — Evil; harm; mischief; pernicious influence

騒乱

sōran — Turmoil; disturbance; civil unrest; riot

扇動

sendō — Incitement; agitation; instigation; rabble-rousing

反乱

hanran — Rebellion; revolt; uprising; insurrection

その

sono — That; the (demonstrative determiner)

仮説

kasetsu — Hypothesis; theory; tentative assumption

声高

koedate / koedaka — Loudly; in a loud voice; vociferously

反対

hantai — Opposition; objection; contrary; against

叫ぶ

sakebu — To shout; to cry out; to yell

もの

mono — Thing; person; one who does (nominalizer)

基礎

kiso — Foundation; basis; groundwork; base

据える

sueru — To set; to place firmly; to establish

必然

hitsuzen — Necessity; inevitability; certainty

我々

wareware — We; us (formal or literary first-person plural)

教え

oshie — Teaching; doctrine; lesson; instruction

別

betsu — Separate; different; another; distinct

起源

kigen — Origin; source; beginning; genesis

政治

seiji — Politics; government; political affairs

そして

soshite — And then; and; moreover; after that

持つ

motsu — To hold; to have; to possess; to carry

人物

jinbutsu — Person; figure; character; personage

指定

shitei — Designation; specification; appointment; assignment

認識

ninshiki — Recognition; awareness; cognition; understanding

方法

hōhō — Method; way; means; approach; procedure

見出さ

miidasa — Found; discovered (conjunctive of miidasu)

なけれ

nakere — Conditional form of nai; if there is not

なら

nara — If; as for; in the case of (conditional)

第

dai — Ordinal prefix: No.; the Nth; section number

節

setsu — Section; clause; passage; verse; joint