Second Treatise of Government — Page 3
To this purpose, I think it may not be amiss, to set down what I take to be political power; that the power of a MAGISTRATE over a subject may be distinguished from that of a FATHER over his children, a MASTER over his servant, a HUSBAND over his wife, and a LORD over his slave.
この目的のために、私が政治的権力と考えるものを述べておくことは無駄ではないと思う。すなわち、magistrate（行政官）が臣民に対して持つ権力を、父が子に対して持つ権力、主人が召使に対して持つ権力、夫が妻に対して持つ権力、そして主君が奴隷に対して持つ権力と区別できるようにするためである。
All which distinct powers happening sometimes together in the same man, if he be considered under these different relations, it may help us to distinguish these powers one from wealth, a father of a family, and a captain of a galley.
これらの異なる権力が時として同一人物に重なることがあり、その人物をこれらの異なる関係のもとで考察するならば、これらの権力を、富ある者、家族の父、そしてガレー船の船長というそれぞれの観点から区別する助けとなるであろう。
Sect. 3. POLITICAL POWER, then, I take to be a RIGHT of making laws with penalties of death, and consequently all less penalties, for the regulating and preserving of property, and of employing the force of the community, in the execution of such laws, and in the defence of the commonwealth from foreign injury; and all this only for the public good.
第3節。政治的権力とは、すなわち、財産を規制し保全するために、死刑をはじめとするあらゆる刑罰を伴う法律を制定する権利であり、そのような法律の執行において、また外部からの侵害から共同体を守るために共同体の力を行使する権利であると私は考える。そしてこれらはすべて、公共の善のためにのみ行使されるものである。
CHAPTER. II.
第二章。
OF THE STATE OF NATURE.
自然状態について。
Sect. 4. TO understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider, what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man.
第4節。政治的権力を正しく理解し、その起源から導き出すためには、すべての人間が自然においていかなる状態にあるかを考察しなければならない。それは、他のいかなる人間の許可を求めることも、その意志に依存することもなく、自然法の範囲内において、自らの行動を律し、自らの所有物と身体を自らが適切と思う通りに処分する、完全な自由の状態である。
Vocabulary
- この
- kono — This (adjective modifying a noun nearby)
- 目的
- mokuteki — Purpose, goal, objective
- の
- no — Possessive or nominalizing particle
- ため
- tame — For the sake of, in order to
- に
- ni — Direction, location, or purpose particle
- 私
- watashi — I, me (first-person singular pronoun)
- が
- ga — Subject-marking particle in a sentence
- 政治
- seiji — Politics, political affairs or governance
- 的
- teki — Suffix meaning '-ic' or '-al', like 'political'
- 権力
- kenryoku — Power, authority, political or governmental force
- と
- to — And; quotation particle; with
- 考える
- kangaeru — To think, consider, or reflect on something
- もの
- mono — Thing, object, or nominalizing expression
- を
- wo — Object-marking particle indicating direct object
- 述べ
- nobe — To state, express, or describe (stem form)
- て
- te — Conjunctive particle connecting verb phrases
- おく
- oku — To do in advance and leave as is
- こと
- koto — Thing, fact, act (nominalizer for verbs)
- は
- wa — Topic-marking particle highlighting the subject
- 無駄
- muda — Wasteful, useless, pointless effort or action
- で
- de — Copula or particle meaning 'at', 'by', 'with'
- ない
- nai — Negative auxiliary; not, does not exist
- 思う
- omou — To think, feel, or believe something
- すなわち
- sunawachi — That is to say, namely, in other words
- 行政
- gyōsei — Administration, governance, executive branch affairs
- 官
- kan — Government official, officer, or bureaucrat
- 臣民
- shinmin — Subject, citizen under a ruler or sovereign
- 対し
- taishi — Toward, against, in relation to (stem form)
- 持つ
- motsu — To hold, have, or possess something
- 父
- chichi — Father, one's own father or paternal figure
- 子
- ko — Child, son or daughter, offspring
- 主人
- shujin — Master, husband, or head of household
- 召使
- meshitsukai — Servant, domestic helper working for a master
- 夫
- otto — Husband, one's own married male partner
- 妻
- tsuma — Wife, one's own married female partner
- 主君
- shukun — Lord, liege, one's feudal master or ruler
- 奴隷
- dorei — Slave, a person owned by another person
- 区別
- kubetsu — Distinction, differentiation between things or people
- できる
- dekiru — To be able to, can, is possible
- よう
- yō — In order to, so that, it seems like
- する
- suru — To do, to perform an action
- ある
- aru — To exist, to be (for inanimate things)
- これら
- korera — These (plural demonstrative pronoun for nearby items)
- 異なる
- kotonaru — To differ, to be different from one another
- 時
- toki — Time, moment, occasion or circumstance
- として
- toshite — As, in the capacity of a role
- 同一
- dōitsu — Same, identical, one and the same entity
- 人物
- jinbutsu — Person, individual, character or figure
- 重なる
- kasanaru — To overlap, pile up, coincide with something
- その
- sono — That (adjective referring to previously mentioned thing)
- 関係
- kankei — Relationship, connection, or association between things
- もと
- moto — Under, based on, origin or foundation
- 考察
- kōsatsu — Examination, investigation, careful consideration of something
- なら
- nara — If, in the case of (conditional particle)
- ば
- ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'
- 富
- tomi — Wealth, riches, prosperity or abundance
- 者
- mono/sha — Person, one who does or is something
- 家族
- kazoku — Family, household members related by blood
- 船
- fune — Ship, boat, vessel for water travel
- 船長
- senchō — Ship captain, commander of a vessel
- という
- to iu — Called, known as, referred to as
- それぞれ
- sorezore — Each, respectively, every one individually
- 観点
- kanten — Viewpoint, perspective, standpoint on an issue
- から
- kara — From, because, since (particle of origin/reason)
- 助け
- tasuke — Help, assistance, aid given to someone
- なる
- naru — To become, to result in something
- あろう
- arō — Probably is, likely to be (volitional of ある)
- 第
- dai — Ordinal prefix meaning 'number' or 'the Nth'
- 節
- setsu — Section, clause, paragraph of a document
- 財産
- zaisan — Property, assets, estate or wealth owned
- 規制
- kisei — Regulation, restriction, control of something
- 保全
- hozen — Preservation, conservation, protection of something
- 死刑
- shikei — Death penalty, capital punishment by law
- はじめ
- hajime — Beginning, start; including (as in 'starting with')
- あらゆる
- arayuru — All, every kind of, any possible thing
- 刑罰
- keibatsu — Punishment, penalty, criminal sanction by law
- 伴う
- tomonau — To accompany, entail, or go along with
- 法律
- hōritsu — Law, statute, legal rule enacted officially
- 制定
- seitei — Enactment, establishment of laws or rules
- 権利
- kenri — Right, entitlement, legal or moral claim
- な
- na — Adjectival ending or soft negative particle
- 執行
- shikkō — Execution, enforcement, carrying out of law
- おい
- oite — At, in, regarding (from において, literary)
- また
- mata — Also, again, moreover, in addition
- 外部
- gaibu — Outside, external, exterior part or force
- 侵害
- shingai — Infringement, violation, encroachment on rights
- 共同
- kyōdō — Joint, cooperative, shared between parties
- 体
- tai/karada — Body, entity, organization or physical form
- 守る
- mamoru — To protect, defend, guard, or uphold
- 力
- chikara — Power, strength, force, ability or energy
- 行使
- kōshi — Exercise of power, authority, or a right
- すべて
- subete — All, everything, entirely, the whole of
- 公共
- kōkyō — Public, communal, shared by all members
- 善
- zen — Good, virtue, moral goodness or benefit
- のみ
- nomi — Only, solely, nothing but (emphatic particle)
- れる
- reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb ending
- 二
- ni — Two, the number 2
- 章
- shō — Chapter, section of a book or document
- 自然
- shizen — Nature, natural, occurring without human intervention
- 状態
- jōtai — State, condition, situation or status
- つい
- tsuite — About, concerning, regarding (from について)
- 正しく
- tadashiku — Correctly, properly, rightly (adverb form)
- 理解
- rikai — Understanding, comprehension, grasp of something
- 起源
- kigen — Origin, source, beginning of something's existence
- 導き
- michibiki — Guidance, leading, deriving or drawing out
- 出す
- dasu — To take out, produce, derive, or extract
- 人間
- ningen — Human being, mankind, a person
- いかなる
- ikanaru — Any, whatever kind of (formal/literary adjective)
- か
- ka — Question particle or 'whether/or' conjunction
- なけれ
- nakere — If not, unless (negative conditional stem)
- それ
- sore — That, it (pronoun for something previously mentioned)
- 他
- ta/hoka — Other, another, different, the rest
- 許可
- kyoka — Permission, approval, authorization to do something
- 求める
- motomeru — To seek, request, demand, or look for
- も
- mo — Also, too, even (inclusive particle)
- 意志
- ishi — Will, volition, intention or determination
- 依存
- izon — Dependence, reliance on someone or something
- なく
- naku — Without, not (conjunctive negative form)
- 法
- hō — Law, rule, method or the dharma
- 範囲
- han'i — Range, scope, extent or boundary of something
- 内
- nai/uchi — Inside, within, interior of a space
- 自ら
- mizukara — Oneself, by oneself, personally, on one's own
- 行動
- kōdō — Action, behavior, conduct or activity
- 律
- ritsu — Law, rule, regulate or discipline
- 所有
- shoyū — Ownership, possession of property or things
- 物
- mono/butsu — Thing, object, matter or physical item
- 身体
- shintai — Body, the physical human body
- 適切
- tekisetsu — Appropriate, suitable, proper or fitting
- 通り
- tōri — As, according to, in the manner of
- 処分
- shobun — Disposal, disposition, punishment or handling
- 完全
- kanzen — Complete, perfect, total, without any deficiency
- 自由
- jiyū — Freedom, liberty, free from constraint
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