Second Treatise of Government — Page 3

Vocabulary

ဤ

i — This; formal demonstrative pronoun used in writing

စာတမ်း

sa-dan: — Document, paper, or written article

များ

mya: — Many, plural marker, or more

တွင်

twìn — In, at, within a place or context

ထို

htó — That; demonstrative pronoun pointing to something

သက်သေ

θɛʔθè — Witness or evidence proving something

အထောက်အထား

a-htaʊʔ-a-htá: — Proof, evidence, or supporting documentation

ပါဝင်

pa-wìn — To be included, participate, or contain

နေ

né — To stay, live, or be in a state

ပါက

pa-ka — If, conditional particle used in formal writing

၎င်း

di-ga-nè — It, he, she, they; formal pronoun reference

တို့

tó — Plural suffix marking a group of people

အတွင်း

a-twìn: — Inside, within, or during a period

တွေ့ရှိ

twɛ̀-ʃì — To find, discover, or encounter something

နိုင်

nàin — Can, able to, or to be capable

မည်

mɪ̀ — Will; future tense marker in formal Burmese

ဟု

hu — Quotative particle meaning 'saying that'

ကျွန်တော်

kjʊ̀n-dɔ̀ — I, me; first person pronoun used by males

ယုံကြည်

yòʊn-tɕì — To believe, trust, or have faith in

မိ

mì — Particle indicating accidental or unintended action

သည်

θì — Formal present tense verb marker or 'the'

ဆုံးရှုံး

sóʊn-ʃóʊn: — To lose something or suffer a loss

သွား

θwá: — To go; also marks completed action away

သော

θɔ̀ — Relative clause marker meaning 'which' or 'that'

ကို

ko — Object marker particle; also directional 'to'

ကြီးစွာ

tɕí-zwa — Greatly, hugely; adverb of large degree

လွမ်းဆွတ်

lwán-swɛʔ — To miss someone or feel nostalgic longing

ရ

ya — To get, obtain; also marks resultative actions

မဟုတ်

ma-hoʊʔ — Not, is not; negation of identity or state

ဘဲ

bɛ́ — Without doing; negative adverbial connective particle

ကျွန်တော့်

kjʊ̀n-dɔ̀ — My, mine; possessive form of male first person

ဖတ်သူ

phaʔ-θù — Reader; person who reads something

မရှိ

ma-ʃì — Does not exist, there is none

ပင်

pìn — Even, indeed; emphatic particle in sentences

ကျေနပ်

tɕè-naʔ — To be satisfied, pleased, or content

အဘယ်ကြောင့်

a-bɛ̀-tɕaʊ̀n — Why; asking for the reason or cause

ဆို

so — To say, called, or conditional 'if said'

သော်

θɔ̀ — Although, but; formal concessive conjunction

၏

e — Possessive particle; formal equivalent of 'of'

ကြိုးပမ်း

tɕó-pán: — To make an effort or strive toward goal

အားထုတ်

á-htoʊʔ — To exert effort or apply energy to task

မှု

hmù — Nominalizer suffix turning verbs into abstract nouns

ထပ်မံ

htaʔ-màn — Again, once more, additionally, repeatedly

ပြုလုပ်

pju-loʊʔ — To do, perform, or carry out an action

ရန်

yan — In order to; purpose marker, or enemy/danger

အချိန်

a-tɕʰèin — Time; a period or moment in time

လည်း

lɛ́ — Also, too, as well; additive particle

ရှိ

ʃì — To exist, have, or there is something

စိတ်

seɪʔ — Mind, heart, feeling, or emotion

အား

á: — Object marker; also means strength or energy

မထက်သန်

ma-htɛʔ-θan — Unenthusiastic, lacking zeal or keenness

ထင်မြင်

htìn-mjìn — To think, opine, or have a view

အဖြေ

a-pjè — Answer, solution, or response to a question

လိုအပ်

lo-aʔ — To need, require, or be necessary

အပိုင်း

a-páin: — Part, section, or portion of something

ဖြည့်ဆည်း

pjḛ-sʰé: — To fulfill, supplement, or fill a need

အတွက်

a-twɛʔ — For, for the sake of, regarding

အံ့ဖွယ်

àn-pwɛ̀ — Wonderful, amazing, or astonishing thing

စနစ်

sa-nɪʔ — System, method, or organized structure

မတူညီ

ma-tu-ɲì — Different, not the same, dissimilar

ဌာနေ

htʰa-né — Native, indigenous, or locally based person

တွေ့

twɛ̀ — To meet, find, or encounter someone

သည့်

θìn — Relative clause marker; the one that does

လှည့်ကွေး

hlɛ̀-kwé: — To twist, wind around, or meander

နှင့်

hnɪ̀n — And, with, together; conjunction or comitative

မှောင်မိုက်

hmàʊn-maɪʔ — Dark, darkness, or gloomy obscurity

အားလုံး

á:-lóʊn: — All, everyone, everything, whole

ဖြတ်ကျော်

pjaʔ-tɕɔ̀ — To pass through, cross over, or traverse

၍

ywei — Therefore, so; formal connective or causal particle

နောက်

naʊʔ — After, next, behind, or later

တစ်ကြိမ်

tɪʔ-tɕèin — Once, one time, on one occasion

ခြေရာခံ

tɕʰè-ya-khan — To track, trace footsteps, or follow trail

ကြောင့်

tɕaʊ̀n — Because of, due to, on account of

ဖြစ်

pjɪʔ — To be, become, or occur; happen

ဘုရင်

pʰa-yìn — King, monarch, or ruler of a kingdom

နိုင်ငံ

nàin-ŋan — Country, nation, or state

မင်္ဂလာ

mɪn-ga-la — Blessing, auspiciousness, or good fortune

မှ

hmà — From, since; ablative or source marker particle

စ

sa — To start, begin; also starting marker

သူ

θù — He, she, that person; third person pronoun

မူဝါဒ

mu-wa-da — Policy, doctrine, or guiding principle

အလွန်

a-lwɛ̀n — Very, extremely, excessively; intensifier adverb

ချိုချိုနပ်နပ်

tɕʰo-tɕʰo-naʔ-naʔ — Pleasantly agreeable, diplomatically sweet-natured

ချိုးဖျက်

tɕʰó:-pjɛʔ — To break, violate, or breach a rule

ခဲ့

kʰɛ̀ — Past tense marker indicating completed past action

မှာ

hmà — At, in, on; locative or instructional particle

ယနေ့

ya-né — Today, this present day

နောက်ပိုင်း

naʊʔ-páin: — Afterward, later on, subsequent period

ထင်ကြည့်

htìn-tɕʰì — To imagine, try to guess, or speculate

မည်သူ

mɪ̀-θù — Whoever, who will; indefinite person reference

မျှ

hmja̰ — Only, just, as much as; limiting particle

ကျွန်တော်တို့

kjʊ̀n-dɔ̀-dó — We, us; first person male plural pronoun

ဘုံ

bòʊn — Common, shared, or mutual between parties

လုံခြုံ

lóʊn-tɕʰóʊn — Safe, secure, protected from harm

ဆန့်ကျင်

sʰan-tɕɪn — To oppose, go against, or resist something

ရဲစွမ်းသတ္တိ

yɛ́-zwán-θaʔtḭ — Courage, bravery, and valor combined

ကျွမ်းကျင်

tɕwán-tɕɪn — Skilled, expert, proficient in a field

ဝိုင်းဝန်းခြင်း

wàin-wán:-tɕʰɪn: — Surrounding, encircling, or gathering around together

ထောက်ခံ

htaʊʔ-kʰan — To support, endorse, or back someone up

သလို

θa-lo — Like, as if, similar to something else

လူကြိုက်များ

lu-tɕaɪʔ-mya: — Popular, well-liked by many people

ဟန်ဆောင်

hàn-saʊn — To pretend, feign, or put on an act

ပုံစံ

pòʊn-zan — Form, shape, style, or pattern

ဖြင့်

pjɪ̀n — By means of, with, using; instrumental particle

ဆင်ယင်

sɪn-yɪn — To dress up, adorn, or decorate oneself

ထား

htá: — To place, put, keep; resultative state marker

ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်

sʰan-tɕɪn-bɛʔ — Opposite side, opponent, or contrary direction

လှည့်စား

hlɛ̀-zá: — To deceive, trick, or cheat someone

ခံ

kʰan — To endure, receive, or undergo something

လောက်

laʊʔ — About, approximately, enough; extent marker

အားနည်းချက်

á:-né:-tɕɛʔ — Weakness, shortcoming, or vulnerable point

နေရာ

né-ya — Place, location, position, or spot

မထိ

ma-htì — Not reaching up to, not to the extent

မှီ

hmì — Until, up to, reaching; to lean on

မဆို

ma-so — Whatever, any; universal indefinite marker

ဆွေးနွေး

swé:-nwé: — To discuss, deliberate, or hold a discussion

ချက်

tɕʰɛʔ — Point, moment, or stroke; immediately

သံသယ

θan-θa-ya — Doubt, suspicion, or uncertainty about something

ဖွယ်

pwɛ̀ — Worth doing, deserving of; possibility suffix

ထုတ်ဖော်

htoʊʔ-pʰɔ̀ — To reveal, expose, or disclose information

ပြောဆို

pjɔ̀-so — To speak, say, or express verbally

တောက်ပျက်

taʊʔ-pjɛʔ — To flame out, burn out, or deteriorate suddenly

ဆိတ်ဆိတ်

seɪʔ-seɪʔ — Quietly, silently, without making noise

ဖယ်ရှား

pʰɛ̀-ʃá: — To remove, eliminate, or set aside something

ပြီး

pjí: — Already done, finished; then, after doing

စကား

sa-ká: — Word, speech, conversation, or language

တိုက်ရိုက်

taɪʔ-yoʊʔ — Direct, directly, straight without intermediary

အပြု

a-pju — Constructive, positive; act of doing or making

သဘော

θa-bɔ̀ — Meaning, intention, attitude, or disposition

နားလည်

ná:-lɛ̀ — To understand, comprehend, or make sense of

အဆို

a-so — Saying, proposition, claim, or statement made

အမိန့်

a-mèin — Order, command, or official directive issued

အဖြစ်

a-pjɪʔ — As, in the role of, or occurrence of

ပြောင်းလဲ

pjáʊn:-lɛ́ — To change, transform, or alter something

ကြိုးစား

tɕó:-zá: — To try hard, make effort, or strive

ကာ

ka — While doing; continuative or simultaneous action particle

တစ်ခု

tɪʔ-kʰù — One thing, a single item or unit

နှိုင်းယှဉ်

hnáin-ʃɪn — To compare or draw comparison between things

ကြည့်

tɕʰì — To look, see, watch, or observe something

ပါ

pa — Polite particle; also 'please' or inclusion marker

က

ka — Subject marker particle after words in sentences

ကောင်းစွာ

kaʊn-zwa — Well, properly, in a good manner

အသံကျ

a-θan-tɕa — Accent, pronunciation, or sound that falls correctly

အင်္ဂလိပ်

ɪn-ga-lɪʔ — English; pertaining to England or English language

ဘာသာ

ba-θa — Language, religion, or subject of study

အပေါ်စီး

a-pɔ̀-zí: — Superiority, upper hand, or dominant position

ဟာသမဲ့

ha-θa-mɛ̀ — Humorless, lacking comedy or without jokes

တစ်နေရာ

tɪʔ-né-ya — One place, somewhere, a certain location

တည်း

tɛ́ — Only, alone; limiting emphatic final particle

ဘယ်တော့

bɛ̀-dɔ̀ — When; asking at what time something happens

ပေါင်းစပ်

páʊn-zaʔ — To combine, integrate, or bring together

ခြင်း

tɕʰɪn: — Nominalizing suffix turning verbs into noun forms

ဘူး

bú: — Negative past experience marker; never done before

မကြာမီ

ma-tɕa-mi — Soon, before long, in a short time

အစ

a-sa — Beginning, start, or origin of something

အဆုံး

a-sóʊn: — End, conclusion, or final point of something

စစ်ဆေး

sɪʔ-sʰé: — To inspect, examine, investigate, or check

တန်ဖိုး

tan-pʰó: — Value, worth, or importance of something

ထင်

htìn — To think, seem, or appear to be

လုယက်

lu-yɛʔ — To rob, plunder, or snatch away forcibly

ကိုင်တွယ်

kàin-twɛ̀ — To handle, deal with, or manage something

စမ်းသပ်

sán:-θaʔ — To test, try out, or experiment with

စေ

sè — To cause, let, make someone do something

လျှင်

lʃɪn — If, when; conditional particle in formal usage

သူ့

θù — His, her, its; possessive of third person

ကိုယ်

ko — Body, self, oneself; reflexive pronoun

သို့မဟုတ်

θo-ma-hoʊʔ — Or, otherwise; conjunction offering an alternative

သာမန်

θa-man — Ordinary, normal, average, or common

အဓိပ္ပာယ်

a-dɪʔ-pa-yɛ̀ — Meaning, definition, or significance of a word

ကိုက်ညီ

kaɪʔ-ɲì — To match, fit, agree, or correspond with

အောင်

àʊn — Successfully, in order to achieve; success particle

ဖန်တီး

pʰan-tí: — To create, invent, or produce something new

မ

ma — Negation prefix; makes verbs or adjectives negative