Second Treatise of Government — Page 4

Vocabulary

မကြာသေးမီ

ma kra: thè: mi — Recently; not long ago in time

နှစ်များ

hnit myar: — Years; multiple years of time

အတွင်း

a twain: — Within; inside a period or space

ဟောပြော

haw pyaw — To preach or deliver a speech publicly

တင်ဆက်

tin hset — To present or submit formally

မှုများ

hmu myar: — Affairs; matters; cases or issues

က

ka — Subject marker particle in Burmese grammar

သူ

thu — He; she; third-person singular pronoun

၏

e — Possessive or genitive particle, meaning 'of'

သွန်သင်

thun thin — To teach; to instruct with guidance

ချက်

hcet — Point; instant; a specific moment or item

ကို

ko — Object marker particle in Burmese grammar

အများ

a myar: — Many; a large number or majority

ရှေ့

shè — Front; ahead; in front of something

တွင်

twing — In; at; locative particle indicating location

လက်ခံ

let khan — To accept; to receive or acknowledge something

ကိုင်းညွှတ်

kaing nyut — To bow down; to bend humbly

ကာ

ka — Gerundive particle; while doing something

ခေတ်

hket — Era; age; a period in history

ကာလ

ka la — Period; span of time or era

လက်ရှိ

let shi — Current; present; existing at this time

ဘာသာရေး

ba tha yè — Religious; relating to religion or faith

အဆုံးအမ

a hsoung: a ma — Instruction; counsel; authoritative advice given

အဖြစ်

a phyit — As; in the capacity of something

သတ်မှတ်

thet hmat — To designate; to define or specify officially

ခဲ့

khè — Past tense marker indicating completed action

ခြင်း

jing: — Nominalizer particle turning verbs into nouns

မရှိ

ma shi — Does not exist; there is none

ပါ

pa — Polite particle; also means 'also' or 'too'

တုံ့ပြန်

tone pyan — To respond; to react to something said

ရန်

yan — In order to; for the purpose of

ကြာမြင့်

kra myint — Long duration; taking a long time

စွာ

swa — Adverbial particle indicating manner of action

ကျော်လွန်

kyaw lun — To exceed; to surpass or go beyond

သွားပြီ

thwa: pyi — Has gone; already departed or passed

ဖြစ်

phyit — To be; to become; to happen

သော

thaw — Relative clause particle modifying a noun

ဘိုးဘေး

bo: bè — Ancestors; forefathers; grandparents and predecessors

တစ်ဦး

tit u: — One person; a single individual

အကြောင်း

a kyaung: — About; reason; subject matter of something

ဤမျှ

i mya — This much; to this extent or degree

တိုက်ရိုက်

tite yite — Directly; straight; without intermediary

ထင်ရှား

hting sha: — Clear; obvious; prominent or well-known

ပြောဆို

pyaw hsò — To speak; to say or discuss something

လိမ့်

lain — Future probability particle; will or should

မည်

myi — Future tense marker; will or shall

မဟုတ်

ma hote — Is not; negation of identity or fact

ဆရာ

hsaya — Teacher; master; respected mentor or instructor

များ

myar: — Plural marker; many; more than one

ဟု

hu — Quotative particle meaning 'saying that'

ကိုယ်တိုင်

ko tain — Oneself; personally; by one's own action

ဆောင်ရွက်

hsaung ywet — To carry out; to perform or undertake

အခြား

a hkha: — Other; another; different from this one

သူများ

thu myar: — Other people; they; those persons

အန္တရာယ်

an da yay — Danger; risk; threat to safety

ရှိ

shi — To exist; to have; to be present

လမ်းမား

lan: ma: — Wrong path; improper or misleading way

သို့

thò — To; toward; directional particle in Burmese

ခေါ်ဆောင်

khaw hsaung — To lead; to guide someone somewhere

ထို

htò — That; those; demonstrative pronoun pointing away

လူများ

lu myar: — People; many persons; human beings generally

သည်

thi — Present tense marker; topic marker particle

သူတို့

thu to — They; them; third-person plural pronoun

မျက်စိ

myet si — Eye; the organ of sight

မှိတ်

hmeit — To close eyes; to shut eyelids

လိုက်လံ

lite lan — To follow; to go along with someone

မိမိတို့

mi mi to — We; ourselves; first-person plural reflexive pronoun

ဘိုးဘေးကြီး

bo: bè ji: — Great ancestors; revered forefathers of old

မည်သည့်

myi thi — Which; whatever; any particular thing

အာဏာ

a na — Authority; power; official dominion or control

ပိုင်ခွင့်

pine khwin — Right; privilege; entitlement to own something

ထုတ်ဖော်

htote phaw — To reveal; to expose or disclose something

ပြသ

pya tha — To show; to demonstrate or display clearly

သင့်

thin — You; should; ought to do something

ထိုသို့

htò thò — In that way; like that; thus

ဆိုလျှင်

hsò lyin — If; in the case that; supposing that

အလွန်

a lun — Very; extremely; excessively beyond normal degree

ညံ့ဖျင်း

nhan pyin: — Inferior; poor quality; low standard ability

အခြေခံ

a hkhe khan — Foundation; basis; fundamental principle or ground

ပေါ်တွင်

paw twing — On; upon; on top of something

ပြီး

pyi: — After; already done; completion particle

ထိန်းသိမ်း

htain theim: — To preserve; to maintain or keep safe

မထား

ma hta: — Not kept; not placed or maintained

နိုင်

nain — Can; able to; capable of doing

တို့

to — Plural marker for pronouns; we or they

ရုတ်သိမ်း

yote theim: — To withdraw; to abolish or revoke suddenly

သို့မဟုတ်

thò ma hote — Or; otherwise; alternatively between two options

သာသနာ့

tha tha na — Of the religion; pertaining to religious teaching

ကျမ်းစာ

kyam: za — Scripture; sacred or religious written text

ဟောကြား

To preach; to proclaim religious teachings aloud

မူဝါဒ

mu wa dat — Policy; principle; guiding rule or doctrine

၎င်းတို့

de to — They; those; third-person plural formal pronoun

အင်္ဂလိပ်

in ga leit — English; relating to England or English language

နန်းတော်ဝန်

nan daw wun — Court minister; palace official; government administrator

ထက်

htet — Than; more than; comparative particle

ပို

po — More; increasingly; to a greater degree

ကောင်း

kaung: — Good; well; of positive quality or value

စာရေးဆရာ

sa yè hsaya — Author; writer; person who writes professionally

သော်

thaw — Although; but; concessive conjunction in sentences

လည်း

lè — Also; too; and; additive conjunction particle

တည်ငြိမ်

ti nyein — Stable; calm; steady and undisturbed state

အောင်

aung — So that; in order to succeed or achieve

ထောက်ခံ

htout khan — To support; to endorse or back up

မှာ

hma — At; in; locative or command particle

ကျွန်တော်

kya naw — I; me; first-person male formal pronoun

မင်းကြီး

min ji: — Great lord; high-ranking official or nobleman

အား

a: — Object particle; to; toward; against someone

ဆန့်ကျင်

hsan kyain — To oppose; to go against; to resist

၍

ywei — Therefore; and so; connective particle meaning thus

ရေးသား

yè tha: — To write; to compose written text formally

ဘဲ

bè — Without; not doing; negative gerundive particle

မိမိ

mi mi — Oneself; one's own; reflexive pronoun in Burmese

အသိပညာ

a thi pyin nya — Knowledge; wisdom; intellectual understanding or learning

မှု

hmu — Nominalizer; act of; matter or affair suffix

ဂုဏ်ယူ

goun yu — To be proud; to take pride in something

ဝါကြွား

wa kjwa: — To boast; to brag; to show off proudly

ယင်း

yin: — That; it; referring back to previously mentioned thing

အပေါ်

a paw — On; above; regarding; concerning a matter

တစ်ခုလုံး

tit khu loung: — The whole; entirely; all of one thing

တည်ဆောက်

ti hsout — To build; to construct or establish something

ထား

hta: — To place; to keep; resultative verb particle

အတောင်းအဆို

a taung: a hsò — Requests and proposals; formal petitions or demands

ပြုနေ

pyu ne — Is doing; currently performing an action

သည့်

thi — Relative clause marker modifying a preceding noun

သမ္မာ

tha ma — True; right; correct; orthodox or proper

ကျမ်း

kyam: — Scripture; sacred text; canonical religious book

အဆိုအမိန့်

a hsò a mein — Statement and decree; official pronouncement or order

အထောက်အထား

a htout a hta: — Evidence; proof; supporting documentation or testimony

နှင့်

hnin — And; with; together with; connective particle

အမှား

a hma: — Error; mistake; something incorrect or wrong

ညီညွတ်

nyi nyut — United; harmonious; in agreement or conformity

အပင်ပန်းဆင်းရဲ

a pin pan: hsin yè — Hardship; suffering; difficulty and miserable toil

ခံ

khan — To endure; to receive; to bear or suffer

ပေ

pe — Emphatic sentence-final particle; indeed or certainly

ကျွန်တော်တို့

kya naw to — We; us; first-person male plural formal pronoun

အကြား

a kja: — Between; among; in the middle of things

စာအုပ်

sa oup — Book; a written or printed bound volume

ချီးကျူး

ji: ju: — To praise; to commend or compliment highly

ယူဆောင်

yu hsaung — To take away; to carry off with oneself

ဖြင့်

phyin — With; by means of; instrumental particle

သေဆုံး

the hsoung: — To die; to pass away; to perish

ဘက်

bet — Side; direction; toward a particular side

အပြစ်တင်

a pyit tin — To blame; to accuse; to find fault with

မှ

hma — From; since; ablative or source particle

ကျွန်တော့်

kya naw — My; mine; first-person male possessive form

ကယ်တင်

ke tin — To save; to rescue; to deliver from harm

ပြုမည်

pyu myi — Will do; will perform a future action

ဤ

i — This; the near demonstrative pronoun in Burmese

အချက်

a hcet — Point; key fact; item or specific detail

စိတ်အား

seit a: — Mental energy; enthusiasm; zeal of the mind

ထက်သန်

htet than — Zealous; enthusiastic; keenly motivated or eager

ကြောင့်

kyaung — Because of; due to; causal particle

သူ့

thu — His; her; possessive form of third-person pronoun

မှားယွင်းမှု

hma: ywin: hmu — Error; mistake; an act of being wrong

မဆို

ma hsò — Whatever; any; no matter which or what

ပြုလုပ်

pyu lout — To do; to perform or carry out action

ချမ်းသာ

hcan: tha — Prosperous; happy; wealthy and comfortable life

ပေး

pè — To give; to provide or offer something

မျှော်လင့်

myaw lin — To hope; to expect; to look forward to

မရ

ma ya — Cannot get; unable to obtain or achieve

သမ္မာတရား

tha ma ta ya: — Truth; righteousness; correct doctrine or principle

ပြည်သူ

pyi thu — Citizens; the public; ordinary people of nation

ပြုခဲ့

pyu khè — Did; performed; past tense of doing action

နေရာ

ne ya — Place; location; spot where something occurs

ပြုပြင်

pyu pyin — To reform; to repair or correct something

အသင့်

a thin — Ready; prepared; in a state of readiness

ဆင်ခြင်

hsin jain — To consider carefully; to reflect or deliberate

သင့်တော်

thin daw — Appropriate; suitable; fitting for the occasion

အလေးထား

a lè hta: — To emphasize; to place importance on something

ရမည်

ya myi — Must get; will obtain; obligatory future outcome

ဟူ

hu — Quotative or defining particle; called or named

ဆိုလိုသည်မှာ

hsò lo thi hma — What is meant is; meaning; in other words