Second Treatise of Government — Page 2

Vocabulary

အကယ်၍

a-kè-ywa — If; used to introduce a conditional clause

ထိုအချက်ကို

hto a-cheq-ko — That point; referring to a previously mentioned matter

ဆုံးဖြတ်နိုင်ခဲ့သည်ဆိုစေကာမူ

hsone-pyat naing-khè-de hso-se-ka-mu — Even if one could have decided or determined it

၏

e — Possessive or genitive particle meaning 'of' or 's

အမျိုးအနွယ်

a-myo-a-nway — Lineage, descent, or family ancestry

တို့တွင်

to-twin — Among; within a group or category

အကြီးဆုံး

a-kji-zone — The greatest or largest among a group

သော

thaw — Relative clause particle; that, which, who

မည်သည်ကား

myi-dhi-ka — What is it; used for rhetorical or emphatic questioning

ဆိုသည့်

hso-dhi — Which is called; that is said to be

အသိပညာ

a-thi-pyin-nya — Knowledge, wisdom, or intellectual understanding

သည်

dhi — Topic marker or present tense verb particle

ကြာမြင့်စွာ

kja-myiɴ-zwa — For a long time; over a lengthy period

ကပင်

ga-piɴ — Emphatic particle meaning 'even from' or 'indeed'

လုံးဝ

lone-wɔ — Completely, entirely, absolutely; used for total negation

ပျောက်ကွယ်

pyauq-kwè — To disappear, vanish, or become lost

သွားခဲ့သော

thwa-khè-thaw — That has gone; past action of going away

ကြောင့်

kjauɴ — Because of; due to; causal connector

လူသား

lu-tha — Human being; humanity; mankind

မျိုးနွယ်

myo-nway — Race, lineage, or ancestral group

များနှင့်

mya-hnin — With many; and others; plural connector

လောကီ

law-ki — Worldly, secular, or relating to temporal life

ဆောင်ရွက်မှု

hsauɴ-ywèq-hmu — Action, conduct, or carrying out of tasks

များတွင်

mya-twin — Among many; within a plural group

တစ်ဦး

tiq-u — One person; a single individual (formal)

တစ်ယောက်

tiq-yauq — One person; a single individual (informal)

မျှပင်

hmya-piɴ — Even so much as; not even; emphatic particle

နွယ်

nway — Lineage, vine, or connected descent

ဖြစ်သည်ဟု

pyiq-dhi-hu — That it is; claiming or asserting something to be

ဆိုရန်

hso-yaɴ — In order to say; for the purpose of stating

သို့မဟုတ်

thó-ma-houq — Or; otherwise; used to present alternatives

အမွေ

a-mwè — Inheritance; something passed down from ancestors

ဆက်ခံ

seq-khaɴ — To inherit; to succeed or receive something passed on

ပိုင်ခွင့်

paiɴ-khwiɴ — Right of ownership; entitlement to possess something

ရှိသည်ဟု

shi-dhi-hu — That there is; asserting the existence of something

အနည်းငယ်

a-ni-ngè — A little; a small amount; slightly

မျှသော

hmya-thaw — As much as; equivalent to; even a small degree

အခွင့်အကြောင်း

a-khwiɴ-a-kjauɴ — Opportunity, occasion, or favourable circumstance

ပင်

piɴ — Emphatic particle meaning 'even', 'indeed', or 'itself'

မကျန်

ma-kjaɴ — None remaining; nothing left

တော့ပေ

tɔ-pè — Emphatic particle indicating finality or resignation

ဤ

i — This; a formal or literary demonstrative pronoun

အဆိုပြုချက်

a-hso-pyu-cheq — Proposition, proposal, or stated claim

များ

mya — Plural marker; many; several

အားလုံး

a-lone — All; every one; the entirety

ကို

ko — Object marker; towards; indicates direct object

ကျွန်ုပ်

kjwa-nóq — I; me; formal first-person singular pronoun

ထင်မြင်

htiɴ-myiɴ — To think, believe, or hold an opinion

သည့်

dhi — Relative clause particle; which, that (modifier form)

အတိုင်း

a-taiɴ — According to; in the manner of; as

ရှင်းလင်းစွာ

shiɴ-liɴ-zwa — Clearly, plainly, in a straightforward manner

ထောက်ပြ

htauq-pya — To point out, demonstrate, or indicate clearly

နိုင်ခဲ့ပြီး

naiɴ-khè-pyi — Was able to; having succeeded in doing something

ဖြစ်သော

pyiq-thaw — Which is; that is; being (relative form)

လောကတွင်

law-ka-twin — In the world; within worldly existence

ယခု

ya-khu — Now; at present; currently

အုပ်ချုပ်

ouq-chouq — To govern, rule, or administer authority over

သူများ

thu-mya — They; those people; others

ကိုယ်ပိုင်

ko-paiɴ — Own; personal; belonging to oneself

အုပ်စိုးမှု

ouq-so-hmu — Dominion, sovereignty, or governing rule

နှင့်

hnin — And; with; together with (connector)

အဖခင်

a-hpa-khiɴ — Father; paternal figure

ပိုင်

paiɴ — To own, possess; proprietorial right

စီရင်ပိုင်ခွင့်

si-yiɴ-paiɴ-khwiɴ — Jurisdiction; authority to judge and administer

ဟူသော

hu-thaw — Called; known as; so-called (literary relative form)

အာဏာ

a-na — Power, authority, or official command

အရင်းအမြစ်

a-yiɴ-a-myiq — Source, origin, or root cause

ဟု

hu — Quotative particle meaning 'that' or 'saying that'

ယူဆ

yu-hsa — To assume, presume, or consider to be true

ထားသည့်

hta-dhi — Which has been placed or held; kept as (modifier)

အရာမှ

a-ya-hma — From anything; from that thing or matter

မည်သည့်

myi-dhi — Any; whichever; whatever (interrogative modifier)

အကျိုးကျေးဇူး

a-kjo-kje-zu — Benefit, advantage, or useful gain

ကိုမျှ

ko-hmya — Not even; not at all (emphatic object negation)

ရယူ

ya-yu — To obtain, acquire, or take for oneself

နိုင်မည်

naiɴ-myi — Will be able to; future ability marker

မဟုတ်ဘဲ

ma-houq-bè — Not being; without being; rather than

အရိပ်

a-yiq — Shadow, shade, or trace of something

ကိုပင်

ko-piɴ — Even that; emphasising the object mentioned

ဆွဲဆောင်

swè-hsauɴ — To attract, entice, or draw towards something

မဟုတ်ပေ

ma-houq-pè — It is not; definitely not (emphatic negation)

ထို့ကြောင့်

hto-kjauɴ — Therefore; for that reason; consequently

အစိုးရ

a-so-ya — Government; ruling authority of a state

အင်အား

iɴ-a — Strength, force, power, or capacity

အကြမ်းဖက်မှု

a-kjàɴ-pheq-hmu — Violence, brutality, or use of aggressive force

ထွက်ကုန်

thweq-koɴ — To come out entirely; to be exhausted or used up

သာ

tha — Only, just, merely; restrictive particle

လည်းကောင်း

lè-kauɴ — Also; likewise; used to list parallel items

တိရိစ္ဆာန်

ta-yiq-san — Animal; beast; non-human creature

ဥပဒေ

u-pa-dè — Law, legislation, or legal rule

ကဲ့သို့

kè-thó — Like, similar to, as if; comparative particle

အပြင်းဆုံး

a-pyiɴ-zone — The most severe or strongest; most intense

သောသူ

thaw-thu — The person who; one who (relative noun phrase)

အနိုင်ရ

a-naiɴ-ya — To win, triumph, or gain victory over

နည်းဥပဒေ

ni-u-pa-dè — Regulation, by-law, or subsidiary legal rule

မှအပ

hma-a-pa — Except for; apart from; other than

အခြား

a-khja — Other, another, different; alternative

မရှိဘဲ

ma-shi-bè — Without; in the absence of; lacking

အတူ

a-tu — Together; in the same place or manner

နေထိုင်

nè-htaiɴ — To live, reside, or dwell somewhere

ကြသည်ဟု

kja-dhi-hu — That they do; quotative plural verb ending

ထင်ရ

htiɴ-ya — To seem, appear, or be perceived as

အကြောင်းပြချက်

a-kjauɴ-pya-cheq — Reason, justification, or stated grounds for something

မပေးလို

ma-pè-lo — Not wanting to give; unwilling to provide

ထို

hto — That; those; demonstrative pronoun (distant)

ယူဆချက်

yu-hsa-cheq — Assumption, premise, or held belief

လိုက်နာ

laiɴ-na — To follow, comply with, or obey a rule

ကြီးသံကျယ်စွာ

kji-thaɴ-kjè-zwa — Loudly and forcefully; with a great outcry

ကန့်ကွက်

kaɴ-kweq — To object, protest, or oppose formally

ထာဝရ

hta-wɔ-ya — Eternal, everlasting, or perpetually existing

ဆူပူသော

hsu-pu-thaw — That which is turbulent, noisy, or chaotic

ပျက်စီးမှု

pyeq-si-hmu — Destruction, ruin, or damage to something

ရှုပ်ထွေးမှု

shóuq-twè-hmu — Confusion, complexity, or entanglement

သောင်းကျန်းမှု

thauɴ-kjàɴ-hmu — Disorder, unruliness, or lawless turbulence

သူပုန်ထမှု

thu-poɴ-hta-hmu — Rebellion, uprising, or act of revolt

တို့

to — Plural marker for pronouns and nouns

အတွက်

a-tweq — For; for the sake of; regarding

အခြေခံ

a-khje-khaɴ — Foundation, basis, or fundamental principle

မချမိ

ma-cha-mi — Unable to establish or lay down; not managed to set

စေရန်

se-yaɴ — In order to cause; so as to make happen

သင်ကြား

thiɴ-kja — To teach or instruct; to impart knowledge

ပေးခဲ့သည့်

pè-khè-dhi — Which was given; that has been provided

အရာ

a-ya — Thing, matter, object, or subject

ထက်

hteq — Than; more than; comparative marker

အခြားသော

a-khja-thaw — Other; another; different kind of

မူလ

mu-la — Original, initial, or fundamental; primary

စတင်မှု

sa-tiɴ-hmu — Beginning, commencement, or act of starting

နိုင်ငံရေး

naiɴ-ŋaɴ-yè — Politics; political affairs or governance

ဇစ်မြစ်

ziq-myiq — Root, source, or origin of something

ပိုင်ဆိုင်

paiɴ-hsaiɴ — To own, possess, or have rightful claim over

သတ်မှတ်ရန်

thaʔ-hmaʔ-yaɴ — In order to define, specify, or determine

သိရှိရန်

thi-shi-yaɴ — In order to know or come to understand

နည်းလမ်း

ni-làɴ — Method, way, or means of doing something

မဖြစ်မနေ

ma-pyiq-ma-nè — Necessarily; inevitably; must without fail

ရှာဖွေ

sha-bwè — To search, look for, or investigate

တွေ့ရှိ

twè-shi — To find, discover, or come across

ရမည်

ya-myi — Must obtain; will need to get or receive

ဖြစ်သည်

pyiq-dhi — Is; exists; it is the case that

အပိုဒ်

a-pouq — Paragraph, section, or clause of text

၂

hniq — The number two in Burmese numeral script