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English → Pt Preface Level 8/10

THAT ONE SHOULD AVOID BEING DESPISED AND HATED

QUE SE DEVE EVITAR SER DESPREZADO E ODIADO

CHAPTER XX. ARE FORTRESSES, AND MANY OTHER THINGS TO WHICH PRINCES OFTEN RESORT, ADVANTAGEOUS OR HURTFUL?

CAPÍTULO XX. SÃO AS FORTALEZAS, E MUITAS OUTRAS COISAS ÀS QUAIS OS PRÍNCIPES FREQUENTEMENTE RECORREM, VANTAJOSAS OU PREJUDICIAIS?

CHAPTER XXI. HOW A PRINCE SHOULD CONDUCT HIMSELF SO AS TO GAIN RENOWN

CAPÍTULO XXI. COMO UM PRÍNCIPE DEVE CONDUZIR-SE DE MODO A GANHAR RENOME

CHAPTER XXII. CONCERNING THE SECRETARIES OF PRINCES

CAPÍTULO XXII. ACERCA DOS SECRETÁRIOS DOS PRÍNCIPES

CHAPTER XXIII. HOW FLATTERERS SHOULD BE AVOIDED

CAPÍTULO XXIII. COMO SE DEVE EVITAR OS ADULADORES

CHAPTER XXIV. WHY THE PRINCES OF ITALY HAVE LOST THEIR STATES

CAPÍTULO XXIV. POR QUE RAZÃO OS PRÍNCIPES DE ITÁLIA PERDERAM OS SEUS ESTADOS

CHAPTER XXV. WHAT FORTUNE CAN EFFECT IN HUMAN AFFAIRS AND HOW TO WITHSTAND HER

CAPÍTULO XXV. O QUE A FORTUNA PODE FAZER NOS ASSUNTOS HUMANOS E COMO RESISTIR-LHE

CHAPTER XXVI. AN EXHORTATION TO LIBERATE ITALY FROM THE BARBARIANS

CAPÍTULO XXVI. UMA EXORTAÇÃO PARA LIBERTAR A ITÁLIA DOS BÁRBAROS

DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODS ADOPTED BY THE DUKE VALENTINO WHEN MURDERING VITELLOZZO VITELLI, OLIVEROTTO DA FERMO, THE SIGNOR PAGOLO, AND THE DUKE DI GRAVINA ORSINI

DESCRIÇÃO DOS MÉTODOS ADOPTADOS PELO DUQUE VALENTINO AO ASSASSINAR VITELLOZZO VITELLI, OLIVEROTTO DA FERMO, O SENHOR PAGOLO E O DUQUE DI GRAVINA ORSINI

THE LIFE OF CASTRUCCIO CASTRACANI OF LUCCA

A VIDA DE CASTRUCCIO CASTRACANI DE LUCCA

Nicolo Machiavelli, born at Florence on 3rd May 1469. From 1494 to 1512 held an official post at Florence which included diplomatic missions to various European courts. Imprisoned in Florence, 1512; later exiled and returned to San Casciano. Died at Florence on 22nd June 1527.

Nicolo Machiavelli, nascido em Florença a 3 de Maio de 1469. De 1494 a 1512 ocupou um cargo oficial em Florença que incluía missões diplomáticas em várias cortes europeias. Preso em Florença em 1512; mais tarde exilado e regressou a San Casciano. Morreu em Florença a 22 de Junho de 1527.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUÇÃO

Nicolo Machiavelli was born at Florence on 3rd May 1469.

Nicolo Machiavelli nasceu em Florença a 3 de Maio de 1469.

He was the second son of Bernardo di Nicolo Machiavelli, a lawyer of some repute, and of Bartolommea di Stefano Nelli, his wife.

Era o segundo filho de Bernardo di Nicolo Machiavelli, um advogado de algum renome, e de Bartolommea di Stefano Nelli, sua esposa.

Both parents were members of the old Florentine nobility.

Ambos os pais eram membros da antiga nobreza florentina.

His life falls naturally into three periods, each of which singularly enough constitutes a distinct and important era in the history of Florence.

A sua vida divide-se naturalmente em três períodos, cada um dos quais constitui, de forma singular, uma era distinta e importante na história de Florença.

Vocabulary

QUE
ke — Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that' or 'which'.
SE
se — Reflexive pronoun or conditional conjunction meaning 'if' or 'oneself'.
DEVE
de-ve — Third person singular of 'dever'; means 'must' or 'should'.
EVITAR
e-vi-tar — Verb meaning to avoid or to prevent something.
SER
ser — Verb meaning to be; indicates permanent or essential states.
DESPREZADO
des-pre-za-do — Adjective meaning despised, scorned, or held in contempt.
E
e — Conjunction meaning 'and', connecting words or clauses.
ODIADO
o-di-a-do — Adjective meaning hated or greatly disliked by others.
CAPÍTULO
ka-pi-tu-lu — Noun meaning chapter, a division of a book or text.
SÃO
sãw — Third person plural of 'ser'; means 'are' in English.
AS
as — Feminine plural definite article meaning 'the'.
FORTALEZAS
for-ta-le-zas — Noun meaning fortresses or strongholds used for defense.
MUITAS
mwi-tas — Feminine plural adjective meaning many or numerous things.
OUTRAS
ow-tras — Feminine plural adjective meaning other or additional ones.
COISAS
koi-zas — Noun meaning things or objects in a general sense.
ÀS
as — Contraction of preposition 'a' with feminine plural article 'as'.
QUAIS
kwais — Relative pronoun meaning 'which', referring to previously mentioned nouns.
OS
us — Masculine plural definite article meaning 'the'.
PRÍNCIPES
prin-si-pes — Noun meaning princes or rulers of a principality.
FREQUENTEMENTE
fre-kwen-te-men-te — Adverb meaning frequently or often, with great regularity.
RECORREM
re-ko-rẽ — Verb meaning they resort to or have recourse to something.
VANTAJOSAS
van-ta-zho-zas — Adjective meaning advantageous or beneficial, producing gain or benefit.
OU
ow — Conjunction meaning 'or', presenting an alternative option.
PREJUDICIAIS
pre-zhu-di-si-ais — Adjective meaning harmful, detrimental, or prejudicial to something.
COMO
ko-mu — Conjunction or adverb meaning how or as in comparisons.
UM
ũ — Masculine indefinite article or numeral meaning 'a' or 'one'.
PRÍNCIPE
prin-si-pe — Noun meaning prince or a ruler of a principality.
CONDUZIR-SE
kon-du-zir-se — Reflexive verb meaning to conduct oneself or behave appropriately.
DE
de — Preposition meaning of or from, indicating origin or belonging.
MODO
mo-du — Noun meaning manner, way, or mode of doing something.
A
a — Feminine definite article or preposition meaning 'the' or 'to'.
GANHAR
ga-nyar — Verb meaning to gain, earn, or win something desirable.
RENOME
re-no-me — Noun meaning renown, fame, or widespread positive reputation.
ACERCA
a-ser-ka — Preposition meaning about or concerning a particular subject.
DOS
dus — Contraction of preposition 'de' with masculine plural article 'os'.
SECRETÁRIOS
se-kre-ta-ri-us — Noun meaning secretaries or personal administrative assistants to rulers.
ADULADORES
a-du-la-do-res — Noun meaning flatterers or sycophants who offer excessive praise.
POR
por — Preposition meaning for, by, or through in various contexts.
RAZÃO
ra-zãw — Noun meaning reason, cause, or rationale behind an action.
PERDERAM
per-de-rãw — Verb past tense; they lost something, such as power or territory.
SEUS
se-us — Possessive adjective meaning his, her, or their in masculine plural.
ESTADOS
es-ta-dus — Noun meaning states or territories governed by a ruler.
O
u — Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'.
FORTUNA
for-tu-na — Noun meaning fortune, fate, or chance influencing human affairs.
PODE
po-de — Verb meaning can or is able to; third person singular.
FAZER
fa-zer — Verb meaning to do or to make something happen.
NOS
nus — Contraction of 'em' and 'os'; meaning 'in the' masculine plural.
ASSUNTOS
a-sun-tus — Noun meaning matters, affairs, or subjects of concern or discussion.
HUMANOS
u-ma-nus — Adjective meaning human; relating to or characteristic of humanity.
RESISTIR-LHE
re-zis-tir-lye — Reflexive verb phrase meaning to resist it or withstand fortune.
UMA
u-ma — Feminine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'one'.
EXORTAÇÃO
e-zor-ta-sãw — Noun meaning exhortation, a strong urging or appeal to action.
PARA
pa-ra — Preposition meaning for, to, or in order to do something.
LIBERTAR
li-ber-tar — Verb meaning to liberate or free from oppression or captivity.
BÁRBAROS
bar-ba-rus — Noun meaning barbarians, foreigners considered uncivilized or invaders.
DESCRIÇÃO
des-kri-sãw — Noun meaning description or detailed account of events or methods.
MÉTODOS
me-to-dus — Noun meaning methods or systematic procedures used to achieve goals.
ADOPTADOS
a-do-ta-dus — Adjective meaning adopted or employed as a chosen course of action.
PELO
pe-lu — Contraction of 'por' and 'o'; meaning 'by the' masculine singular.
DUQUE
du-ke — Noun meaning duke, a high-ranking nobleman or territorial ruler.
AO
aw — Contraction of 'a' and 'o'; meaning 'to the' masculine singular.
ASSASSINAR
a-sa-si-nar — Verb meaning to assassinate or murder a prominent figure.
DA
da — Contraction of 'de' and 'a'; meaning 'of the' feminine singular.
SENHOR
se-nyor — Noun meaning lord, mister, or a title of respect for men.
VIDA
vi-da — Noun meaning life or the biography of a person.
nascido
nas-si-du — Adjective meaning born; referring to the place or time of birth.
em
ẽ — Preposition meaning in or at, indicating location or time.
a
a — Preposition or feminine article meaning to, at, or the.
de
de — Preposition meaning of or from, used in dates and descriptions.
Maio
mai-u — Noun meaning May, the fifth month of the calendar year.
De
de — Preposition meaning from or of, indicating a starting point in time.
ocupou
o-ku-pow — Verb past tense; he occupied or held an official position or role.
um
ũ — Masculine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'one'.
cargo
kar-gu — Noun meaning position, post, or official role in government.
oficial
o-fi-si-al — Adjective meaning official, relating to an authoritative government position.
que
ke — Relative pronoun meaning that or which, linking clauses.
incluía
in-klu-i-a — Verb imperfect tense; included or involved certain tasks or duties.
missões
mi-sõis — Noun meaning missions or diplomatic assignments to foreign courts.
diplomáticas
di-plo-ma-ti-kas — Adjective meaning diplomatic, relating to official negotiations between states.
várias
va-ri-as — Adjective meaning various or several, referring to multiple different things.
cortes
kor-tes — Noun meaning courts, referring to royal or noble governing establishments.
europeias
ew-ro-pe-ias — Adjective meaning European, relating to countries or nations of Europe.
Preso
pre-zu — Adjective meaning imprisoned or arrested; held captive by authorities.
mais
mais — Adverb meaning more or most, indicating greater degree or quantity.
tarde
tar-de — Adverb meaning later or late; indicating a subsequent point in time.
exilado
e-zi-la-du — Adjective meaning exiled or banished from one's homeland by authorities.
e
e — Conjunction meaning and, connecting words or phrases together.
regressou
re-gre-sow — Verb past tense; returned or came back to a place.
Morreu
mo-rew — Verb past tense; died; ceased to live at a specific time.
Junho
zhu-nyu — Noun meaning June, the sixth month of the calendar year.
INTRODUÇÃO
in-tro-du-sãw — Noun meaning introduction, the opening section of a book or text.
nasceu
nas-sew — Verb past tense; was born at a specific time or place.
Era
e-ra — Verb imperfect tense; was, describing a past state of being.
o
u — Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'.
segundo
se-gun-du — Adjective meaning second in order or sequence among siblings.
filho
fi-lyu — Noun meaning son or child of a particular parent.
advogado
ad-vo-ga-du — Noun meaning lawyer or attorney, a legal professional.
algum
al-gũ — Indefinite adjective meaning some or a certain degree of something.
renome
re-no-me — Noun meaning renown or reputation; being widely known and respected.
sua
su-a — Possessive adjective meaning his, her, or its in feminine singular.
esposa
es-po-za — Noun meaning wife or female spouse in a marriage.
Ambos
am-bus — Adjective meaning both, referring to two people or things together.
os
us — Masculine plural definite article meaning 'the'.
pais
pais — Noun meaning parents, referring to both father and mother.
eram
e-rãw — Verb imperfect tense; were, describing a past state of being.
membros
mem-brus — Noun meaning members, persons belonging to a group or organization.
da
da — Contraction of 'de' and 'a'; meaning 'of the' feminine singular.
antiga
an-ti-ga — Adjective meaning ancient, old, or long-established in history.
nobreza
no-bre-za — Noun meaning nobility, the social class of aristocrats or nobles.
florentina
flo-ren-ti-na — Adjective meaning Florentine, relating to or originating from Florence.
vida
vi-da — Noun meaning life or the course of a person's existence.
divide-se
di-vi-de-se — Reflexive verb meaning it divides itself or is naturally divided into.
naturalmente
na-tu-ral-men-te — Adverb meaning naturally or in a natural, logical manner.
três
tres — Numeral meaning three, indicating a quantity or number of parts.
períodos
pe-ri-o-dus — Noun meaning periods or distinct phases of time in history.
cada
ka-da — Adjective meaning each or every one of a set of things.
dos
dus — Contraction of 'de' and 'os'; meaning 'of the' masculine plural.
quais
kwais — Relative pronoun meaning which, referring to previously mentioned items.
constitui
kon-sti-twi — Verb meaning constitutes or forms an important part of something.
forma
for-ma — Noun meaning form, shape, or manner in which something exists.
singular
sin-gu-lar — Adjective meaning singular, unique, or remarkable in a particular way.
uma
u-ma — Feminine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'one'.
era
e-ra — Noun meaning era or age, a distinct period of historical time.
distinta
dis-tin-ta — Adjective meaning distinct, clearly different or separate from others.
importante
im-por-tan-te — Adjective meaning important or significant in terms of impact or value.
na
na — Contraction of 'em' and 'a'; meaning 'in the' feminine singular.
história
is-to-ri-a — Noun meaning history or story of past events and people.
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