The Scarlet Letter — Page 13

Vocabulary

Sembra

SEM-bra — It seems, it appears to be the case

che

ke — That, which, who (conjunction or pronoun)

io

EE-o — First person singular pronoun: I

abbia

AB-bya — Subjunctive form of avere: that I have

un

oon — Indefinite article: a, an

diritto

dee-REET-to — Right, entitlement, or privilege one holds

più

pyoo — More, most; indicates greater degree or quantity

forte

FOR-te — Strong, powerful, intense, or loud

a

a — Preposition meaning to, at, or in

risiedere

ri-SYED-e-re — To reside, to dwell in a place

qui

kwee — Here, in this place or location

in

in — Preposition meaning in, into, or within

virtù

vir-TOO — Virtue; by virtue of something, strength

di

dee — Preposition meaning of, from, or about

questo

KWES-to — This, referring to something nearby or present

austero

ow-STE-ro — Austere, severe, strict in manner or appearance

progenitore

pro-jen-i-TO-re — Ancestor, progenitor, forefather of a lineage

barbuto

bar-BOO-to — Bearded, having a prominent or full beard

avvolto

av-VOL-to — Wrapped, enveloped, or covered in something

mantello

man-TEL-lo — Cloak, mantle, a long outer garment

nero

NE-ro — Black, the darkest color or shade

e

e — Conjunction meaning and, linking words or clauses

con

kon — Preposition meaning with, together with

cappello

kap-PEL-lo — Hat, a covering worn on the head

punta

POON-ta — Point, tip, peak; pointed end of something

venne

VEN-ne — Came, past tense of venire: he came

così

ko-ZEE — So, thus, in this way or manner

presto

PRES-to — Soon, quickly, early in time

la

la — Definite article or pronoun: the, her, it

sua

SOO-a — His, her, its (feminine possessive adjective)

Bibbia

BIB-bya — The Bible, the sacred Christian scripture

spada

SPA-da — Sword, a bladed weapon for combat

percorse

per-KOR-se — Traveled through, covered a route or distance

le

le — Definite article or pronoun: the (feminine plural)

strade

STRA-de — Streets, roads, paths through a town

ancora

an-KO-ra — Still, yet, again; not yet completed

vergini

VER-ji-ni — Virgin, untouched, unspoiled, or uninhabited land

portamento

por-ta-MEN-to — Bearing, posture, dignified manner of carrying oneself

maestoso

ma-es-TO-zo — Majestic, stately, impressive in appearance or manner

fece

FE-che — Made, did; past tense of fare

una

OO-na — Indefinite article (feminine): a, one

figura

fi-GOO-ra — Figure, shape, impression someone makes publicly

imponente

im-po-NEN-te — Imposing, commanding, impressive in stature or presence

come

KO-me — Like, as, how; comparison or manner word

uomo

WO-mo — Man, adult male human being

guerra

GWER-ra — War, armed conflict between groups or nations

pace

PA-che — Peace, absence of conflict or state of calm

quanto

KWAN-to — How much, as much as, to what extent

ne

ne — Of it, of them, from there (particle)

stesso

STES-so — Same, himself, itself; emphasizing identity or sameness

il

il — Definite article (masculine singular): the

cui

kwee — Whose, of whom, of which (relative pronoun)

nome

NO-me — Name, the word used to identify someone

si

see — Reflexive or impersonal pronoun: oneself, one

sente

SEN-te — Hears, feels, senses; present tense of sentire

raramente

ra-ra-MEN-te — Rarely, seldom, not often encountered

volto

VOL-to — Face, countenance, a person's facial appearance

è

è — Is; third person singular of essere

appena

ap-PE-na — Barely, hardly, just, scarcely known or visible

conosciuto

ko-no-SHOO-to — Known, recognized, familiar to people around

Era

E-ra — Was; imperfect tense of essere: he/she was

soldato

sol-DA-to — Soldier, a person serving in the military

legislatore

le-jis-la-TO-re — Legislator, a person who makes laws

giudice

JOO-di-che — Judge, a person who administers legal justice

era

E-ra — Was; imperfect of essere (he/she/it was)

guida

GWEE-da — Guide, leader, one who leads others

Chiesa

KYE-za — Church, a Christian religious institution or building

possedeva

pos-se-DE-va — Possessed, had, owned; imperfect of possedere

tutti

TOOT-ti — All, every one, the entirety of something

i

ee — Definite article (masculine plural): the

tratti

TRAT-ti — Traits, characteristics, features of a personality

puritani

pu-ri-TA-ni — Puritan, relating to strict Protestant religious values

tanto

TAN-to — So much, as much, both (in tanto...quanto)

buoni

BWO-ni — Good, virtuous, of positive quality (plural)

cattivi

kat-TEE-vi — Bad, wicked, evil in character (plural)

Fu

foo — Was; past absolute of essere: he/she was

anche

AN-ke — Also, too, even; adds to what was said

aspro

AS-pro — Harsh, bitter, rough, severe in manner

persecutore

per-se-ku-TO-re — Persecutor, one who harasses or oppresses others

testimoniano

tes-ti-mo-NYA-no — They testify, they bear witness to something

Quaccheri

KWAK-ke-ri — Quakers, members of the Religious Society of Friends

lo

lo — Him, it; direct object pronoun (masculine)

hanno

AN-no — They have; third plural of avere

ricordato

ri-kor-DA-to — Remembered, recalled; past participle of ricordare

nelle

NEL-le — In the (feminine plural contraction of in+le)

loro

LO-ro — Their, them, they (pronoun or possessive)

storie

STO-rye — Stories, histories, accounts of past events

raccontano

rak-KON-ta-no — They tell, they recount a story or event

episodio

e-pi-ZO-dyo — Episode, incident, a particular event or occurrence

della

DEL-la — Of the (feminine singular contraction di+la)

dura

DOO-ra — Hard, harsh, tough, severe in nature

severità

se-ve-ri-TA — Severity, harshness, strict and unforgiving attitude

nei

nay — In the (masculine plural contraction of in+i)

confronti

kon-FRON-ti — Regards, toward; nei confronti di means toward someone

donna

DON-na — Woman, an adult female person

setta

SET-ta — Sect, a religious or ideological splinter group

durerà

du-re-RA — Will last, will endure into the future

lungo

LOON-go — Long, lengthy, for a long time

c'è

chè — There is; contracted form of ci è

da

da — From, by, since, to (preposition with many uses)

temerlo

te-MER-lo — To fear it; infinitive temere with pronoun attached

qualsiasi

kwal-ZYA-zi — Any, whatever, whichever; any kind at all

resoconto

re-zo-KON-to — Account, report, a written or spoken summary

delle

DEL-le — Of the (feminine plural contraction di+le)

sue

SOO-e — His, her, its (feminine plural possessive)

opere

O-pe-re — Works, deeds, actions or artistic creations

migliori

mi-LYO-ri — Better, best; comparative or superlative of buono

sebbene

seb-BE-ne — Although, even though; concessive conjunction

queste

KWES-te — These (feminine plural demonstrative pronoun/adjective)

fossero

FOS-se-ro — Were; imperfect subjunctive of essere (they were)

molte

MOL-te — Many, numerous (feminine plural adjective)

Anche

AN-ke — Also, too, even; adds information to what precedes

suo

SOO-o — His, her, its (masculine singular possessive)

figlio

FI-lyo — Son, a male child of a parent

ereditò

e-re-di-TO — Inherited; past absolute of ereditare

spirito

SPI-ri-to — Spirit, soul, disposition, inner character

rese

RE-ze — Made, rendered; past absolute of rendere

tristemente

tris-te-MEN-te — Sadly, miserably, in a sorrowful manner

noto

NO-to — Known, noted, well-known to the public

nel

nel — In the (masculine singular contraction of in+il)

martirio

mar-TI-ryo — Martyrdom, great suffering endured for a cause

streghe

STRE-ge — Witches, women accused of practicing witchcraft

può

pwò — Can, is able to; third singular of potere

ben

ben — Well, quite, indeed; emphatic adverb form

dire

DEE-re — To say, to tell, to state something

sangue

SAN-gwe — Blood, the vital fluid in living bodies

lasciato

la-SHA-to — Left, left behind; past participle of lasciare

su

soo — On, upon, over, above (preposition)

lui

lwee — Him, he; third person masculine pronoun

macchia

MAK-kya — Stain, spot, blemish on a surface or reputation

Una

OO-na — A, one (feminine indefinite article)

profonda

pro-FON-da — Deep, profound, felt strongly or going far down

verità

ve-ri-TA — Truth, a fact or belief that is real

vecchie

VEK-kye — Old, aged (feminine plural adjective)

ossa

OS-sa — Bones, the hard skeletal structures of the body

cimitero

chi-mi-TE-ro — Cemetery, a burial ground for the dead

devono

DE-vo-no — They must, they have to; third plural of dovere

conservarla

kon-ser-VAR-la — To preserve it, to keep it intact over time

se

se — If, whether; conditional conjunction in Italian

non

non — Not; negation particle in Italian sentences

sono

SO-no — Are; first person plural or third plural of essere

del

del — Of the (masculine singular contraction di+il)

tutto

TOOT-to — All, entirely, completely; used in del tutto (completely)

polvere

POL-ve-re — Dust, powder; fine particles left after decay

Non

non — Not; negation used at the start of a sentence

so

so — I know; first person singular of sapere

questi

KWES-ti — These (masculine plural demonstrative adjective/pronoun)

miei

MYE-i — My (masculine plural possessive adjective)

antenati

an-te-NA-ti — Ancestors, forebears, people from whom one descends

abbiano

AB-bya-no — They have; present subjunctive of avere

mai

ma-ee — Ever, never; used in negative or question context

pensato

pen-SA-to — Thought, considered; past participle of pensare

pentirsi

pen-TIR-si — To repent, to feel sorry for one's wrongdoings

chiedere

KYE-de-re — To ask, to request something from someone

perdono

per-DO-no — Forgiveness, pardon granted to someone who wronged you

al

al — To the (masculine singular contraction of a+il)

Cielo

CHE-lo — Heaven, sky; the divine realm above

per

per — For, through, because of (preposition)

crudeltà

kru-del-TA — Cruelty, inhumanity, causing pain to others deliberately

o

o — Or; disjunctive conjunction linking alternatives

stiano

STYA-no — They stay, they are; present subjunctive of stare

ora

O-ra — Now, at this moment in time

gemendo

je-MEN-do — Groaning, moaning; gerund of gemere

sotto

SOT-to — Under, beneath, below something else

peso

PE-zo — Weight, burden, heaviness of something physical or moral

conseguenze

kon-se-GWEN-tse — Consequences, results, outcomes of past actions

altro

AL-tro — Other, another, different from what is present

stato

STA-to — State, condition; also past participle of essere

esistenza

e-zis-TEN-tsa — Existence, the state of being or living