The Scarlet Letter — Page 12

Vocabulary

และ

lae — Conjunction meaning 'and', connecting words or clauses.

ถึง

theung — To reach, arrive at, or until a point.

กระนั้น

kra-nan — Even so, nevertheless, despite that fact.

แม้ว่า

mae wa — Even though, although; introduces a concessive clause.

ข้าพเจ้า

kha-phra-chao — Formal first-person pronoun, 'I' in official contexts.

จะ

cha — Auxiliary indicating future tense or intention.

มี

mi — To have, to exist, there is.

ความสุข

khwam-suk — Happiness, joy, a state of well-being.

สูงสุด

sung-sut — Highest, maximum, supreme level of something.

เสมอ

sa-moe — Always, consistently, at all times.

เมื่อ

muea — When, at the time that something happened.

อยู่

yu — To be located, to live, to stay somewhere.

ที่

thi — At, which, that; relative pronoun or location marker.

อื่น

uen — Other, another, different from this one.

แต่

tae — But, however; introduces a contrasting clause.

ภายใน

phai-nai — Inside, within, internal to something.

จิตใจ

chit-jai — Mind, heart, the inner emotional or mental self.

ของ

khong — Of, belonging to; possessive particle.

ก็

ko — Also, then; discourse particle showing continuation or emphasis.

ยัง

yang — Still, yet; indicates ongoing state or action.

ความรู้สึก

khwam-ru-suek — Feeling, emotion, sensation experienced internally.

บางอย่าง

bang-yang — Something, some kind of thing, a certain thing.

ต่อ

to — Toward, per, continuing; connective preposition.

เมือง

mueang — City, town, a populated urban settlement.

เก่า

kao — Old, aged, not new or recent.

ซึ่ง

sueng — Which, that; relative pronoun linking clauses.

หาก

hak — If, in the event that; conditional conjunction.

ขาด

khat — To lack, to be missing, to be absent.

คำ

kham — Word, term, a unit of language.

ดี

di — Good, fine, of positive quality.

กว่า

kwa — More than, comparative particle for adjectives.

นี้

ni — This, referring to something nearby or just mentioned.

ต้อง

tong — Must, have to; expresses necessity or obligation.

พอใจ

pho-jai — Satisfied, content, pleased with a situation.

เรียก

riak — To call, to name, to summon someone.

มัน

man — It; third-person pronoun for things or animals.

ว่า

wa — That; complementizer introducing reported speech or thought.

ความผูกพัน

khwam-phuk-phan — Bond, attachment, strong emotional connection to something.

น่า

na — Worth, worthy of; precedes adjective to express desirability.

เป็น

pen — To be, to become; copula linking subject and predicate.

เพราะ

phro — Because, since; introduces reason or cause.

ราก

rak — Root; literal root of plant or figurative origin.

ลึก

luek — Deep, profound; extending far downward or inward.

เก่าแก่

kao-kae — Ancient, very old, long-established over centuries.

ครอบครัว

khrop-khrua — Family; a group of related people living together.

ได้

dai — Can, could, to get; ability or past tense marker.

หยั่ง

yang — To probe, to take root, to fathom depth.

ลง

long — Down, downward; directional particle indicating descent.

ไป

pai — To go; directional particle indicating movement away.

ใน

nai — In, inside, within a place or concept.

ผืนดิน

phuen-din — Plot of land, a stretch of earth or ground.

บัดนี้

bat-ni — Now, at present, at this current moment.

ล่วงเลย

luang-loei — To pass by, to elapse, referring to time passing.

มา

ma — To come; directional particle indicating movement toward.

เกือบ

kuap — Almost, nearly, not quite reaching an amount.

สอง

song — Two; the number 2.

ศตวรรษ

sata-wat — Century; a period of one hundred years.

กับ

kap — With, and; connects nouns or indicates accompaniment.

อีก

ik — More, another, additionally, again.

หนึ่ง

nueng — One; the number 1.

สี่

si — Four; the number 4.

แล้ว

laeo — Already, then, after that; completion marker.

นับ

nap — To count, to reckon, beginning from a point.

ตั้งแต่

tang-tae — Since, from, starting from a particular time.

ชาว

chao — People of, native of; prefix denoting nationality or origin.

ผู้

phu — Person who, one who; nominalizer for people.

บุกเบิก

buk-boek — To pioneer, to open up new territory or field.

บรรพบุรุษ

ban-pha-bu-rut — Ancestor, forefather, predecessor of a family line.

อพยพ

op-pha-yop — To migrate, to move from one place to another.

คน

khon — Person, people; classifier for human beings.

แรก

raek — First, initial, earliest in order or time.

ใช้

chai — To use, to employ, to make use of.

นามสกุล

nam-sa-kun — Family name, surname, last name of a person.

เดียวกัน

diao-kan — Same, identical, the very same one.

ปรากฏตัว

pra-kot-tua — To appear, to show oneself, to make an appearance.

ขึ้น

khuen — Up, upward; directional particle indicating ascent or emergence.

ชุมชน

chum-chon — Community, settlement, a group living together.

ป่าเถื่อน

pa-thuean — Savage, wild, uncivilized; describing primitive wilderness.

ล้อมรอบ

lom-rop — To surround, to encircle on all sides.

ด้วย

duay — With, also, by means of; accompaniment particle.

ป่าไม้

pa-mai — Forest, woodland, an area covered with trees.

อัน

an — Classifier for objects; which, that; relative particle.

กลายมา

klai-ma — To become, to turn into over time.

เวลา

we-la — Time, period, moment; refers to duration or occasion.

ต่อมา

to-ma — Later, afterward, subsequently in time.

นี่

ni — This here; emphatic demonstrative pronoun nearby.

เอง

eng — Oneself, by itself; emphatic reflexive particle.

เหล่า

lao — These, those; plural marker for groups of people.

ลูกหลาน

luk-lan — Descendants, offspring, children and grandchildren.

เขา

khao — He, she, they; third-person personal pronoun.

เกิด

koet — To be born, to occur, to come into existence.

ตาย

tai — To die, to pass away, to cease living.

ผสม

pha-som — To mix, to blend, to combine different elements.

กลมกลืน

klom-kluen — To blend harmoniously, to assimilate smoothly into something.

เนื้อดิน

nuea-din — Soil, earth, the texture and substance of ground.

ตน

ton — Oneself, self; reflexive pronoun referring to the subject.

เข้า

khao — To enter, inward; directional particle indicating entry.

จน

chon — Until, to the point that; indicates result or extent.

ไม่ใช่

mai-chai — Is not, not; negation of identity or category.

ส่วน

suan — Part, portion, section of a whole.

น้อย

noi — Little, few, small in amount or degree.

เลย

loei — At all, past, so; emphasizes negation or degree.

ความ

khwam — Nominalizer prefix creating abstract nouns from verbs/adjectives.

เครือญาติ

khruea-yat — Relatives, kinship network, extended family relations.

ร่างกาย

rang-kai — Body, physical form of a living being.

เดิน

doen — To walk, to stroll, to move on foot.

บน

bon — On, upon, above a surface.

ถนน

tha-non — Road, street, paved path for travel.

ชั่ว

chua — Evil, wicked; or briefly, for a short duration.

ขณะ

kha-na — Moment, while, at the time of something.

ดังนั้น

dang-nan — Therefore, thus, so; indicates logical conclusion.

กล่าวถึง

klao-thueng — To mention, to refer to, to speak about.

นั้น

nan — That, those; distal demonstrative pronoun or adjective.

ส่วนหนึ่ง

suan-nueng — A part, one portion of a larger whole.

เพียง

phiang — Only, merely, just; limits quantity or degree.

เห็นอกเห็นใจ

hen-ok-hen-jai — To sympathize, to feel empathy and compassion for others.

ทาง

thang — Way, path, direction, means of something.

ประสาทสัมผัส

pra-sat-sam-phat — Sense, sensory perception through the nervous system.

ผงธุลี

phong-thu-li — Dust, fine particles of earth or matter.

ด้วยกัน

duay-kan — Together, jointly, in common with each other.

ร่วมชาติ

ruam-chat — Compatriot, fellow countryman, sharing the same nationality.

นัก

nak — Very, expert in; intensifier or prefix for specialist.

เข้าใจ

khao-jai — To understand, to comprehend, to grasp meaning.

เนื่องจาก

nueng-chak — Due to, because of, owing to a reason.

การ

kan — Nominalizer for actions and processes; act of doing.

ย้ายถิ่น

yai-thin — To relocate, to migrate to a different region.

บ่อยครั้ง

boi-khrang — Often, frequently, many times over.

อาจ

at — May, might, possibly; expresses uncertainty or possibility.

สิ่ง

sing — Thing, object, matter, an entity or item.

สำหรับ

sam-rap — For, intended for, in the case of someone.

เชื้อสาย

chuea-sai — Lineage, descent, bloodline of a family.

พวกเขา

phuak-khao — They, them; third-person plural pronoun.

ไม่

mai — No, not; general negation particle.

จำเป็น

cham-pen — Necessary, essential, must be done.

ถือว่า

thue-wa — To consider as, to regard, to deem something.

ปรารถนา

prat-tha-na — To desire, to wish, to long for something.

รู้

ru — To know, to be aware of information or fact.

คุณภาพ

khun-na-phap — Quality, standard, degree of excellence of something.

ศีลธรรม

sin-la-tham — Morality, ethics, moral principles guiding behavior.

เช่นกัน

chen-kan — Likewise, also, the same way too.

ร่าง

rang — Body, draft, physical frame of a person.

ได้รับ

dai-rap — To receive, to obtain, to be given something.

สวมใส่

suam-sai — To wear, to put on clothing or accessories.

ยิ่งใหญ่

ying-yai — Grand, magnificent, great in scale or importance.

เลือนราง

luean-rang — Faint, vague, dim and unclear in memory.

มืดมัว

muet-mua — Dark, murky, dim and obscure in visibility.

โดย

doi — By, through, by means of an agent.

ประเพณี

pra-phe-ni — Tradition, custom, long-established cultural practice.

ปรากฏ

pra-kot — To appear, to manifest, to become visible.

จินตนาการ

chin-ta-na-kan — Imagination, the ability to form mental images.

วัยเด็ก

wai-dek — Childhood, the period of being a young child.

ย้อนหลัง

yon-lang — Looking back, retrospective, going back in time.

ไกล

klai — Far, distant, a long way away.

เท่า

thao — As much as, equal to; comparative measure.

จำ

cham — To remember, to recall, to memorize something.

ยังคง

yang-khong — Still, continues to; persists in a state.

หลอกหลอน

lok-lon — To haunt, to spook, to persistently disturb someone.

ก่อให้เกิด

ko-hai-koet — To cause, to give rise to, to produce.

คุ้นเคย

khun-khoei — Familiar, accustomed to, well acquainted with something.

เสมือน

sa-muean — As if, as though, like, resembling something.

บ้าน

ban — Home, house, place of residence.

อดีตกาล

a-dit-ta-kan — The past, former times, historical era gone by.

แทบ

thaep — Almost, nearly, barely; very close to a limit.

อ้าง

ang — To claim, to cite, to refer to as justification.

เกี่ยวกับ

kiao-kap — About, concerning, related to a topic.

สภาพ

sa-phap — Condition, state, circumstances of something.

ปัจจุบัน

pat-chu-ban — Present, current, happening right now.