The Scarlet Letter — Page 42

Vocabulary

แต่

tàe — But; however; used to contrast two ideas

แล้ว

láew — Already; then; indicating completion of action

ต้นฉบับ

tôn chàbàp — Original document or manuscript; the source copy

อื่นๆ

àen àen — Others; various other things or people

อีก

èek — More; another; additionally; again

มากมาย

mâak maai — Plentiful; abundant; a great many things

นับ

náp — To count; to number; to enumerate

ไม่ถ้วน

mâi thûan — Countless; innumerable; too many to count

ซึ่ง

sûeng — Which; that; a relative pronoun connector

เต็ม

tem — Full; filled; complete; at maximum capacity

ไป

pai — To go; away; indicates direction or continuation

ด้วย

dûay — Also; with; by means of; as well

ความคิด

khwaam khít — Thought; idea; opinion; way of thinking

ของ

khɔ̌ɔng — Of; belonging to; possessive particle

สมอง

sà mɔɔng — Brain; the organ of thought and intelligence

ที่

thîi — At; place; which; that; relative marker

สร้างสรรค์

sâang sǎn — Creative; constructive; producing original ideas

และ

láe — And; connecting words, phrases, or clauses

การ

kaan — Nominalizing prefix indicating an action or process

ระบาย

rá baai — To vent; to release feelings or emotions outward

จาก

jàak — From; away from; originating at a point

หัวใจ

hǔa jai — Heart; center of emotion and feeling

ลึกซึ้ง

léuk séung — Deep; profound; touching one deeply emotionally

มิใช่

mí châi — Is not; a formal negation of identity

ความ

khwaam — Nominalizing prefix for abstract nouns and qualities

น่าเบื่อ

nâa bèua — Boring; tedious; causing boredom or disinterest

พิธีการ

phí thii kaan — Formality; ceremony; official protocol or procedure

ทาง

thaang — Way; path; direction; means of doing something

ราชการ

râat chá kaan — Government service; official governmental work or administration

ก็

kɔ̂ɔ — Also; then; well; discourse particle for continuity

ได้

dâai — Can; able to; to get; indicates past or possibility

จม

jom — To sink; to be submerged; to drown

หาย

hǎai — To disappear; to be lost; to vanish

สูญ

sǔun — To be lost; to vanish; to become extinct

ใน

nai — In; inside; within a place or context

ลืมเลือน

leum leuan — To fade from memory; to be forgotten gradually

เช่น

chên — For example; such as; like

เดียวกัน

diaw kan — Same; the same one; identical; together

ยิ่ง

yîng — Even more; increasingly; to a greater degree

กว่า

kwàa — More than; comparative particle indicating degree

นั้น

nán — That; those; referring to something previously mentioned

โดย

dooi — By; by means of; through an agent or method

มิ

mí — Not; formal/literary negation particle

รับใช้

ráp chái — To serve; to be in service of someone

ประโยชน์

prà yòot — Benefit; usefulness; advantage gained from something

ใด

dai — Any; which; whichever; interrogative or indefinite pronoun

ยุคสมัย

yúk sà mai — Era; age; a particular period in history

ตน

ton — Oneself; self; a formal reflexive pronoun

ดัง

dang — Like; as; loud; famous; as mentioned

กอง

kɔɔng — Pile; heap; stack of things together

กระดาษ

krà dàat — Paper; sheets used for writing or printing

เหล่า

lào — Group of; these; those; plural marker for nouns

นี้

níi — This; these; referring to something nearby or current

เคย

khoei — Used to; ever; indicating past habitual experience

ทำ

tham — To do; to make; to perform an action

เศร้าสลด

sâo sàlòt — Sorrowful; deeply sad; filled with grief

ที่สุด

thîi sùt — Most; the superlative degree of an adjective

คือ

khue — Is; means; to be; defines or equates things

นำ

nam — To lead; to bring; to carry toward a place

มา

maa — To come; indicates movement toward the speaker

ดำรงชีวิต

dam rong chii wít — To live; to sustain one's life and existence

อย่าง

yàang — Like; in the manner of; a way or style

สุขสบาย

sùk sà baai — Comfortable and happy; living in ease and contentment

ให้

hâi — To give; to allow; causative particle in Thai

แก่

kàe — To; for; toward; old; recipient marker in Thai

ผู้

phûu — Person; one who; prefix indicating a person's role

เขียน

khǐan — To write; to draw; to put words on paper

เสมียน

sà mǐan — Clerk; office worker handling documents and records

ได้รับ

dâai ráp — To receive; to obtain; to be given something

ขีดเขียน

khèet khǐan — To scribble; to write casually or carelessly

อัน

an — A classifier for items; which; that; one thing

ไร้ค่า

rái khâa — Worthless; without value; of no use or merit

กระนั้น

krà nán — Even so; nevertheless; despite that; however

บางที

baang thii — Sometimes; perhaps; maybe; occasionally

อาจ

àat — May; might; possibly; expressing uncertainty or possibility

สิ้นเชิง

sîn choeng — Completely; entirely; thoroughly; without remainder

ฐานะ

thǎa nà — Status; standing; financial or social position

วัสดุ

wát sà dù — Material; substance; raw material used for something

ประวัติศาสตร์

prà wàt tì sàat — History; the study of past events

ท้องถิ่น

thɔ́ɔng thìn — Local; regional; pertaining to a specific area

ที่นี่

thîi nîi — Here; at this place or location

ไม่

mâi — Not; negation particle for verbs and adjectives

ต้อง

tɔ̂ɔng — Must; have to; need to do something

สงสัย

sǒng sǎi — To doubt; to suspect; to be curious about something

ค้นพบ

khón phóp — To discover; to find something previously unknown

สถิติ

sà thì tì — Statistics; numerical data compiled for analysis

การค้า

kaan kháa — Trade; commerce; buying and selling of goods

อดีต

à dìit — Past; former times; something that once was

อนุสรณ์

à nú sɔɔn — Memorial; monument; something honoring a memory

พ่อค้า

phɔ̂ɔ kháa — Merchant; trader; a man who buys and sells

ยิ่งใหญ่

yîng yài — Grand; great; magnificent; impressive in scale

นาง

naang — Mrs.; Miss; a title for women; lady

ไม่ว่า

mâi wâa — Regardless of; no matter; whether or not

จะ

jà — Will; future tense marker; about to do something

เป็น

pen — To be; to exist as; indicates a state or role

ทรง

song — Royal; to have; to hold; honorific prefix for royalty

อิทธิพล

ít thí phon — Influence; power to affect others or outcomes

แม้

máe — Even though; although; despite; even if

หัว

hǔa — Head; top; leading part of something

โรย

rooi — To sprinkle; to scatter; to wither or thin out

แป้ง

pɛ̂ɛng — Powder; flour; starch; fine powdery substance

พวกเขา

phûak khǎo — They; them; a group of people being referred to

ยัง

yang — Still; yet; also; continuing state or action

แทบ

thɛ̂ɛp — Almost; hardly; barely; nearly but not quite

ทัน

than — In time; to catch up; to be on schedule

เข้าสู่

khâo sùu — To enter into; to move toward and join something

สุสาน

sù sǎan — Cemetery; graveyard; place where the dead are buried

สมบัติ

sǒm bàt — Treasure; property; wealth; valuable possessions

มหาศาล

má hǎa sǎan — Enormous; vast; immense; on a very large scale

เริ่ม

rôem — To begin; to start; to commence an action

หดหาย

hòt hǎai — To shrink away; to dwindle; to gradually disappear

ลง

long — Down; to decrease; to go downward; to land

ก่อตั้ง

kɔ̀ɔ tâng — To establish; to found; to set up an institution

ครอบครัว

khrɔ̂ɔp khrua — Family; a group of related people living together

ส่วนใหญ่

sùan yài — Mostly; the majority; the greater part of something

ประกอบ

prà kɔ̀ɔp — To compose; to consist of; to assemble from parts

ชนชั้นสูง

chon chân sǔung — Upper class; aristocracy; people of high social standing

ปัจจุบัน

pàt jù ban — Present; current; the time that exists now

สืบค้น

sùep khón — To research; to investigate; to trace information back

ตั้งแต่

tâng tàe — Since; from a point in time onward

จุดเริ่มต้น

jùt rôem tôn — Starting point; origin; the beginning of something

เล็กน้อย

lék nɔ́ɔi — Slightly; a little; small amount; minor

มืดมน

mûet mon — Dark; gloomy; obscure; without light or clarity

การค้าขาย

kaan kháa khǎai — Commerce; trading; the activity of buying and selling

ช่วงเวลา

chûang wee laa — Period of time; a span or interval of time

ทั่วไป

thûa pai — In general; common; widespread; ordinary

อยู่

yùu — To stay; to live; to be located somewhere

หลัง

lǎng — After; behind; back; following in time or space

การปฏิวัติ

kaan pà tì wát — Revolution; a major political or social upheaval

มาก

mâak — Much; many; a lot; to a great degree

จน

jon — Until; poor; to the point that; destitute

กระทั่ง

krà thâng — Until; even; up to a certain point in time

ถึง

thǔeng — To reach; until; to; arriving at a point

สิ่ง

sìng — Thing; object; something; an item or matter

บุตรหลาน

bùt lǎan — Children and grandchildren; descendants; offspring

มองว่า

mɔɔng wâa — To view as; to consider; to see something as

ยาวนาน

yaao naan — Long-lasting; prolonged; enduring over a long time

ก่อน

kɔ̀ɔn — Before; prior to; earlier in time

มี

mii — To have; there is; to possess something

บันทึก

ban théuk — Record; note; to document or record information

หลักฐาน

làk thǎan — Evidence; proof; supporting documentation or facts

น้อย

nɔ́ɔi — Few; little; small in number or amount

เนื่องจาก

nûeang jàak — Because of; due to; as a result of something

เอกสาร

èek kà sǎan — Document; official paper; written or printed record

หอ

hɔ̌ɔ — Hall; tower; a tall building or repository

จดหมายเหตุ

jòt mǎai hèet — Archive; official record repository of historical documents

ยุค

yúk — Era; epoch; age; a historical period of time

น่า

nâa — Worth; likely to; prefix expressing likelihood or feeling

ถูก

thùuk — Cheap; correct; to be acted upon; passive marker

เมื่อ

mûea — When; at the time that; previously in time

เจ้าหน้าที่

jâo nâa thîi — Official; officer; person with an official duty

พระราชา

phrá râat chaa — King; a royal monarch; ruler of a kingdom

ทั้งหมด

tháng mòt — All; everything; the entire amount or group

ติดตาม

tìt taam — To follow; to track; to keep up with something

กองทัพ

kɔɔng tháp — Army; military force; armed troops organized together

อังกฤษ

ang krìt — England; English; pertaining to the United Kingdom

หลบหนี

lòp nǐi — To flee; to escape; to run away from something