The Scarlet Letter — Page 57

Vocabulary

เพียงพอ

phiang pho — Sufficient or adequate in amount or degree.

แล้ว

laeo — Already; indicates completed action or 'then'.

ที่

thi — At, which, that; relative pronoun or place marker.

จะ

cha — Will; future tense marker in Thai sentences.

กล่าว

klao — To say, state, or mention formally.

ไว้

wai — To keep, retain, or place something for later.

ใน

nai — In, inside, within a place or context.

นี้

ni — This; referring to something nearby or just mentioned.

ว่า

wa — That; introduces a clause or reported speech.

เจ้าหน้าที่

chao na thi — Official, officer, or government staff member.

ศุลกากร

sun la ka kon — Customs authority handling import and export control.

ดำรง

dam rong — To hold, maintain, or sustain a position or state.

ตำแหน่ง

tam naeng — Position, rank, or title in an organization.

มา

ma — To come; also indicates action toward the speaker.

อย่าง

yang — In a manner; like, as, or a type of something.

ยาวนาน

yao nan — Long-lasting, prolonged over a lengthy period.

นั้น

nan — That; refers to something previously mentioned or distant.

แทบ

thaep — Almost, nearly, or barely able to do something.

ไม่

mai — Not; negation particle used before verbs or adjectives.

สามารถ

sa mat — To be able to; capable of doing something.

เป็น

pen — To be; links subject with description or identity.

บุคคล

buk khon — A person or individual human being.

น่า

na — Worthy of; precedes adjectives to mean 'deserving of'.

ยกย่อง

yok yong — To praise, admire, or hold someone in high regard.

หรือ

rue — Or; used to present alternatives or ask questions.

เคารพ

khao rop — To respect or show reverence toward someone.

นับถือ

nap thue — To regard with respect or religious reverence.

ได้

dai — Can, able to; also marks past or achieved action.

เลย

loei — At all, ever; emphasizes negation or extent.

ด้วย

duai — Also, with, by means of; adds or includes something.

เหตุผล

het phon — Reason, rationale, or logical justification for something.

หลาย

lai — Many, several, or numerous in quantity.

ประการ

pra kan — Aspect, point, or item in a list of reasons.

หนึ่ง

nueng — One; the number one or a single item.

คือ

khue — Is, means, namely; equates or identifies something.

สภาพ

sa phap — Condition, state, or situation of something.

การ

kan — Nominalizer indicating an action, process, or affair.

ถือครอง

thue khrong — To hold, possess, or be in ownership of something.

ของ

khong — Of; possessive particle indicating belonging or ownership.

เขา

khao — He, she, him, her; third-person pronoun.

และ

lae — And; conjunction connecting words, phrases, or clauses.

อีก

ik — Another, more, additionally; indicates further items.

ลักษณะ

lak sa na — Characteristic, feature, or quality describing something.

งาน

ngan — Work, job, or a task to be performed.

เอง

eng — Self, oneself; emphasizes personal involvement or action.

ซึ่ง

sueng — Which, that; relative clause connector in formal writing.

แม้

mae — Even though, although; concessive conjunction.

ข้าพเจ้า

kha pha chao — Formal first-person pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me'.

เชื่อ

chuea — To believe or trust in something or someone.

สุจริต

sut cha rit — Honest, sincere, or acting with integrity and good faith.

แต่

tae — But; contrastive conjunction introducing opposing information.

ก็

ko — Also, then; discourse particle softening or connecting statements.

ประเภท

pra phet — Type, category, or classification of something.

มี

mi — To have; indicates possession or existence of something.

ส่วน

suan — Part, portion, or section of a whole.

ร่วม

ruam — Together, jointly; to participate or share in something.

ความ

khwam — Nominalizer turning adjectives or verbs into abstract nouns.

พยายาม

pha ya yam — To try, attempt, or make an effort to do.

ร่วมกัน

ruam kan — Together, collectively working or acting as one.

มวล

muan — Mass, collective group, or entirety of something.

มนุษยชาติ

ma nut ya chat — Humankind, humanity, the entire human race.

ผล

phon — Result, outcome, or consequence of an action.

กระทบ

kra thop — To impact, affect, or have an effect on something.

สังเกต

sang koet — To observe, notice, or pay careful attention to something.

เห็น

hen — To see or perceive something visually.

มาก

mak — Much, many, a lot; indicates high degree or quantity.

น้อย

noi — Little, few, not much in quantity or degree.

ทุก

thuk — Every, all; refers to each member of a group.

คน

khon — Person; classifier for human beings.

เคย

khoei — Ever, used to, once did; past experience marker.

ขณะ

kha na — Moment, while, at the time of an event.

พิงพัก

phing phak — To lean on or rest against something for support.

อยู่

yu — To be, stay, or reside at a location.

กับ

kap — With; together or in relation to someone or something.

อ้อมแขน

om khaen — Arms; embrace or the encircling of someone's arms.

อัน

an — Classifier for various objects; also means 'which' formally.

ยิ่งใหญ่

ying yai — Great, magnificent, grand in scale or importance.

สาธารณรัฐ

sa tha ra na rat — Republic; a form of democratic government.

พลัง

phalang — Power, energy, or strength driving action or movement.

แท้จริง

thae ching — True, genuine, real in nature or character.

จาง

chang — To fade, become pale or less intense gradually.

หาย

hai — To disappear, vanish, or recover from illness.

ไป

pai — To go; also indicates action moving away from speaker.

จาก

chak — From; indicates origin, source, or separation point.

ตัว

tua — Body, self; classifier for animals and some objects.

สูญเสีย

sun sia — To lose something permanently; suffer a significant loss.

ความสามารถ

khwam sa mat — Ability, capability, or skill in doing something.

พึ่งพา

phueng pha — To rely on or depend on someone or something.

ตนเอง

ton eng — Oneself; referring back to the subject themselves.

ตาม

tam — According to, following, or in accordance with something.

สัดส่วน

sat suan — Proportion, ratio, or relative share of something.

อ่อนแอ

on ae — Weak, feeble, or lacking in physical or mental strength.

เข้มแข็ง

khem khaeng — Strong, resilient, or determined in character.

ธรรมชาติ

tham ma chat — Nature; the natural world or innate character of something.

ดั้งเดิม

dang doem — Original, traditional, or primitive in its earliest form.

หาก

hak — If; conditional conjunction used in formal Thai.

พลังงาน

phalang ngan — Energy; physical or chemical power to do work.

ผิดปกติ

phit pa ka ti — Abnormal, unusual, or deviating from the norm.

ทำให้

tham hai — To cause, make, or result in a certain condition.

อ่อนแรง

on raeng — To feel weak, exhausted, or drained of strength.

กระทำ

kra tham — To act, commit, or perform an action deliberately.

ต่อ

to — Against, toward, or continuing; connective preposition.

นาน

nan — Long time; lasting or continuing for a long duration.

เกินไป

koen pai — Too much, excessively beyond a reasonable limit.

อาจ

at — Might, may; expresses possibility or uncertainty.

ยัง

yang — Still, yet; indicates ongoing state or action.

กู้คืน

ku khuen — To recover, restore, or retrieve something lost.

ถูก

thuk — To be subjected to; passive voice marker in Thai.

ไล่

lai — To chase away, dismiss, or drive someone out.

ออก

ok — Out, outside; indicates movement away or exit.

โชคดี

chok di — Lucky, fortunate; having good luck or fortune.

ได้รับ

dai rap — To receive or obtain something given by someone.

ผลัก

phlak — To push someone or something with force.

มิตร

mit — Friend or ally; someone with a friendly relationship.

เวลา

we la — Time; a point or period during which events occur.

เหมาะสม

mo som — Appropriate, suitable, or fitting for a situation.

เพื่อ

phuea — In order to, for the purpose of doing something.

ต่อสู้

to su — To fight, struggle, or resist against opposition.

ดิ้นรน

din ron — To strive, struggle hard to survive or succeed.

โลก

lok — World, earth, or the global community of people.

เต็มไป

tem pai — Full of, filled with a certain quality or thing.

หวน

huan — To return, go back, or revert to a former state.

คืน

khuen — To return; also means night in Thai language.

สู่

su — To, toward; indicates direction or movement toward something.

ตัวเอง

tua eng — Oneself; emphasizes personal agency or self-reference.

กลายเป็น

klai pen — To become; to transform into a different state.

สิ่ง

sing — Thing, object, or matter in general reference.

เหตุการณ์

het kan — Event, incident, or occurrence that has taken place.

เช่นนี้

chen ni — Like this, such as this; referring to described situation.

เกิดขึ้น

koet khuen — To happen, occur, or come into existence.

โดย

doi — By, through; indicates means, agent, or method used.

ปกติ

pa ka ti — Normal, usual, ordinary in everyday circumstances.

มัก

mak — Often, usually, tend to; indicates habitual action.

ยึด

yuet — To hold firmly, grasp, or seize something tightly.

ตน

ton — Oneself; formal reflexive pronoun referring to the subject.

พอ

pho — Enough, sufficient; just the right amount needed.

ทำลาย

tham lai — To destroy, ruin, or cause severe damage to something.

พอดี

pho di — Just right, exactly fitting or perfectly appropriate.

จึง

chueng — Therefore, so, thus; indicates result or consequence.

ทั้งหมด

thang mot — All, entirely, the whole of something combined.

เดิน

doen — To walk; to move forward on foot.

เส้นทาง

sen thang — Path, route, or road leading to a destination.

ยาก

yak — Difficult, hard, or challenging to accomplish.

ลำบาก

lam bak — Difficult, troublesome, or causing hardship and struggle.

ชีวิต

chi wit — Life; the existence or experience of living beings.

เท่า

thao — As much as, equal to, or the same degree.

ทำ

tham — To do, make, or perform an action or task.

เมื่อ

muea — When, at the time that an event occurred.

รู้ตัว

ru tua — To be aware of oneself or realize something suddenly.

ถึง

thueng — Until, reaching, to arrive at a destination or point.

แกร่ง

kraeng — Hard, tough, or extremely strong and resilient.

ผ่าน

phan — To pass through, go past, or get through something.

ตี

ti — To hit, beat, or strike something forcefully.

ยืดหยุ่น

yuet yun — Flexible, elastic, or able to adapt and bend.

มอง

mong — To look at or gaze at something attentively.

รอบๆ

rop rop — Around, surrounding, in the area nearby something.

โหยหา

hoi ha — To long for, yearn deeply, or crave something missing.

ตลอดเวลา

ta lot we la — All the time, constantly, without stopping or pause.

หลังจาก

lang chak — After, following a certain event or point in time.

แสวงหา

sa waeng ha — To seek out, search for, or pursue something desired.

พึ่งพิง

phueng phing — To lean on or depend upon someone for support.

ภายนอก

phai nok — Outside, external, or on the outer surface of something.