The Scarlet Letter — Page 71

Vocabulary

อาจ

àat — might, may; expressing possibility or uncertainty

เป็น

pen — to be; indicates state or identity

ได้

dâai — can, able to; also marks past tense

ว่า

wâa — that; introduces reported speech or clause

พวก

phûak — group, bunch; classifier for people or things

หรือ

rʉ̌ʉ — or; used to present alternatives

ผู้

phûu — person, one who; nominalizing prefix for people

นับถือ

náp-thʉ̌ʉ — to respect, revere; to follow a religion

ศาสนา

sàat-sà-nǎa — religion; organized system of faith and worship

ที่

thîi — at, which; relative pronoun or place marker

นอก

nôok — outside, beyond; exterior of something

อื่นๆ

ʉ̀ʉn-ʉ̀ʉn — others, other things; indicates additional items

จะ

jà — will, going to; future tense marker

ถูก

thùuk — to be subjected to; passive voice marker

ไล่

lâi — to chase away, expel; drive someone out

ออก

òok — out, to exit; away from a place

จาก

jàak — from; indicating origin or separation

เมือง

mʉaŋ — city, town; an inhabited settlement or country

ชาว

chaao — people of, native of; denotes group membership

เกียจคร้าน

kìat-khrâan — lazy, idle; unwilling to work or make effort

และ

láe — and; connects words, phrases, or clauses

ซึ่ง

sʉ̂ŋ — which, who; relative pronoun linking clauses

สุรา

sù-raa — liquor, alcohol; strong alcoholic beverage

ของ

khɔ̌ɔŋ — of, belonging to; possessive particle

คน

khon — person, people; general word for human being

ผิวขาว

phǐw-khǎao — white-skinned; referring to people of pale complexion

ทำให้

tham-hâi — to cause, make; bring about a result

เขา

khǎo — he, she, they; third-person pronoun

ก่อ

kòo — to cause, create; instigate trouble or disorder

ความ

khwaam — state, condition; nominalizing prefix for abstract nouns

วุ่นวาย

wûn-waai — chaotic, disorderly; causing confusion and disturbance

ตาม

taam — along, according to; following something or someone

ท้องถนน

thɔ́ɔŋ-thà-nǒn — street, roadway; public road in a town

ตี

tii — to hit, strike, beat; physical blow

เข้า

khâo — to enter, into; movement inward

ไป

pai — to go; movement away from speaker

ใน

nai — in, inside; within a space or boundary

เงา

ŋao — shadow, shade; dark area caused by blocked light

มืด

mʉ̂ʉt — dark, darkness; absence or lack of light

ป่า

pàa — forest, jungle; wild wooded area

เช่นกัน

chên-kan — likewise, also; in the same manner

แม่มด

mâe-mót — witch; woman believed to practice dark magic

อย่าง

yàaŋ — like, such as; a type or manner of something

นาง

naaŋ — Mrs., woman; respectful title for a woman

ผู้เฒ่า

phûu-thâo — elder, old person; respected elderly individual

หญิง

yǐŋ — woman, female; adult female person

หม้าย

mâai — widow or widower; person whose spouse has died

ใจ

jai — heart, mind; center of feelings and emotions

ร้าย

ráai — evil, wicked, bad; harmful or malicious in nature

ผู้พิพากษา

phûu-phí-phâak-sǎa — judge; official who presides over legal matters

ต้อง

tɔ̂ŋ — must, have to; obligation or necessity

ตาย

taai — to die, death; cessation of life

บน

bon — on, above, upon; position on a surface

ไม่ว่า

mâi-wâa — regardless of, no matter; irrespective of condition

กรณี

kà-rá-nii — case, instance; a particular situation or event

ใด

dai — any, which; interrogative or indefinite determiner

มา

maa — to come; movement toward speaker

ชม

chom — to watch, admire, praise; observe with appreciation

ต่าง

tàaŋ — different, various; each one, mutually

แสดงออก

sà-daaŋ-òok — to express, show outwardly; display feelings or behavior

ถึง

thʉ̌ŋ — to reach, arrive at; expressing degree or extent

เคร่งขรึม

khrêŋ-khrʉm — solemn, stern, grave; serious and dignified in manner

ลักษณะ

lák-sà-nà — characteristic, feature; distinguishing quality or trait

เดียวกัน

diao-kan — the same, identical; one and the same thing

อัน

an — which, that; relative particle or classifier

เหมาะสม

mòo-sǒm — appropriate, suitable; fitting for a situation

แก่

kàe — to, for; indicating recipient or beneficiary

ผู้คน

phûu-khon — people, folks; general term for human beings

กฎหมาย

kòt-mǎai — law; system of rules enforced by authority

แทบ

thâep — almost, nearly; very close to a certain degree

สิ่ง

sìŋ — thing, object; an item or matter

อุปนิสัย

ùp-pà-ní-sǎi — character, disposition; innate personal traits

พวกเขา

phûak-khǎo — they, them; third-person plural pronoun

นั้น

nán — that, those; demonstrative referring to something distant

ทั้งสอง

tháŋ-sɔ̌ɔŋ — both; referring to two things together

กัน

kan — together, mutually; reciprocal action marker

แน่นแฟ้น

nâen-fáen — firmly, tightly, solidly; strongly bound together

จน

jon — until, to the point that; expressing result

กระทั่ง

krà-thâŋ — until, even; up to a point or extreme

การ

kaan — act of, process; nominalizing prefix for actions

ลงโทษ

loŋ-thôot — to punish; impose a penalty for wrongdoing

ทาง

thaaŋ — way, path; direction or means of something

สังคม

sǎŋ-khom — society; community of people living together

ทั้ง

tháŋ — both, all; inclusive of everything mentioned

เบา

bao — light, mild, soft; not heavy or intense

ที่สุด

thîi-sùt — most, -est; superlative degree marker

รุนแรง

run-raaŋ — severe, intense, violent; extreme in force or degree

ก็

kɔ̂ — also, then; discourse particle linking clauses

มอง

mɔɔŋ — to look at, gaze; direct one's eyes toward something

ด้วย

dûai — with, also, too; accompanying or adding element

เคารพ

khao-róp — to respect, honor; show deference to someone

เกรงขาม

krееŋ-khǎam — to be in awe of; feel reverent fear toward someone

เห็นอกเห็นใจ

hěn-òk-hěn-jai — to sympathize, empathize; understand and share feelings

กระทำ

krà-tham — to commit, perform; carry out an action

ผิด

phìt — wrong, mistaken, sinful; violating rules or morals

พึง

phʉŋ — should, ought to; indicating appropriateness or duty

ได้รับ

dâai-ráp — to receive, obtain; get something given or awarded

ยืน

yʉʉn — to stand; be in an upright position

อยู่

yùu — to be at, stay; indicates location or ongoing state

บริเวณ

bɔɔ-rí-ween — area, vicinity, zone; surrounding region or space

ช่าง

châaŋ — how very, how; intensifier expressing strong quality

น้อยนิด

nɔ́ɔi-nít — very little, tiny amount; extremely small quantity

เย็นชา

yen-chaa — cold, indifferent; emotionally distant and uncaring

เสีย

sǐa — lost, ruined; used as aspect particle for regret

จริง

jiŋ — true, real, indeed; confirming truth or reality

กลับกัน

klàp-kan — on the contrary, reversed; opposite of what expected

ยุค

yúk — era, age, epoch; a period of historical time

เรา

rao — we, us, I; first-person pronoun

นี้

níi — this, these; demonstrative for nearby things

นำ

nam — to lead, bring, carry; take something somewhere

อับอาย

àp-aai — ashamed, embarrassed; feeling disgrace or humiliation

เยาะเย้ย

yɔ́-yɔ́ɔi — to mock, ridicule; make fun of someone scornfully

ครั้ง

khráŋ — time, instance; classifier for occurrences or events

กลับ

klàp — to return, reverse; go back or turn around

ศักดิ์ศรี

sàk-sǐi — dignity, honor; inherent worth and self-respect

เกือบ

kʉ̀ap — almost, nearly; close to but not quite

เทียบเท่า

thîap-thâo — equivalent, comparable; equal in value or degree

โทษ

thôot — punishment, penalty; consequence for wrongdoing

ประหารชีวิต

prà-hǎan-chii-wít — death penalty, execution; state-ordered killing as punishment

ทีเดียว

thii-diao — quite, indeed, very; intensifier for emphasis

เรื่อง

rʉ̂aŋ — story, matter, topic; subject of discussion

น่า

nâa — worthy of, deserving; prefix indicating something merits attention

สังเกต

sǎŋ-kèet — to observe, notice; pay attention to details

เช้า

cháo — morning; early part of the day

วัน

wan — day; a 24-hour period

ฤดูร้อน

rʉ-duu-rɔ́ɔn — summer; hot season of the year

จุด

jùt — point, spot; a specific location or dot

เริ่มต้น

rôm-tôn — to begin, start; commence an action or story

เรื่องราว

rʉ̂aŋ-raao — story, narrative; account of events or happenings

บรรดา

ban-daa — all, various; indicating a collective group

สตรี

sà-trii — woman, female; formal word for women

มี

mii — to have, there is/are; indicates possession or existence

หลาย

lǎai — many, several; a large number of things

ฝูงชน

fùuŋ-chon — crowd, mob; large group of people gathered together

ดู

duu — to look, watch, see; observe visually

เหมือน

mʉ̌an — like, similar to; resembling something else

ให้

hâi — to give, let, cause; causative or dative marker

สนใจ

sǒn-jai — to be interested in; pay attention with curiosity

พิเศษ

phí-sèet — special, extraordinary; beyond the ordinary or normal

ต่อ

tòo — toward, per, against; connecting or continuing something

ใดๆ

dai-dai — any whatsoever; any at all, without restriction

ก็ตาม

kɔ̂-taam — whatever, however; concessive particle meaning regardless

คาด

khâat — to expect, anticipate; predict something will happen

เกิดขึ้น

kòot-khʉ̂n — to occur, happen, arise; come into existence