The Scarlet Letter — Page 80

Vocabulary

อุดมคติ

u-dom-kha-ti — Ideal; a perfect standard or principle to aspire to

สูงสุด

sung-sut — Highest; supreme; at the greatest level

ของ

khong — Of; belonging to; possessive particle

ความ

khwam — Nominalizing prefix indicating abstract state or quality

อัปยศ

ap-pa-yot — Disgrace; shame; humiliation suffered publicly

อดสู

ot-su — To feel ashamed; embarrassed by one's situation

ได้รับ

dai-rap — To receive; to obtain something given or awarded

การ

kan — Nominalizing prefix for actions or processes

รวม

ruam — To combine; to include; gathered together

เป็น

pen — To be; to exist as; linking verb

หนึ่ง

nueng — One; the number one; a single unit

และ

lae — And; conjunction connecting words or clauses

แสดง

sa-daeng — To show; to display; to perform or demonstrate

ออก

ok — Out; to exit; directional particle meaning outward

มา

ma — To come; directional particle indicating toward speaker

อย่าง

yang — In a manner; like; a way or type

ชัดเจน

chat-jen — Clear; distinct; obvious and easy to understand

ใน

nai — In; inside; within a space or context

สิ่ง

sing — Thing; object; an item or matter

ประดิษฐ์

pra-dit — To invent; to create; a crafted or invented object

แห่ง

haeng — Of; from; classifier for places or sources

ไม้

mai — Wood; tree; a wooden material or plant

เหล็ก

lek — Iron; steel; a hard metallic material

นี้

ni — This; referring to something nearby or just mentioned

ข้าพเจ้า

kha-pha-jao — I; formal first-person pronoun used in writing

คิด

khit — To think; to consider; to have a thought

ว่า

wa — That; to say; complementizer introducing a clause

ไม่มี

mai-mi — There is not; to not have; absence of something

กระทำ

kra-tham — To commit; to perform an action or deed

อัน

an — Classifier for items; which; relative pronoun particle

ละเมิด

la-moed — To violate; to transgress; to breach a rule

ต่อ

to — Against; toward; per; connecting preposition

ธรรมชาติ

tham-ma-chat — Nature; the natural world; innate character

ร่วม

ruam — Together; joint; shared participation in something

กัน

kan — Each other; together; reciprocal action particle

เรา

rao — We; us; first-person plural pronoun

ไม่ว่า

mai-wa — Regardless of; no matter; whether or not

ความผิด

khwam-phit — Fault; guilt; a wrongdoing or offense committed

ปัจเจก

pat-ja-jek — Individual; personal; relating to a single person

บุคคล

buk-khon — Person; individual; a human being

จะ

ja — Will; future tense marker; intention particle

เช่น

chen — Such as; for example; like

ไร

rai — Any; what; interrogative or indefinite particle

ใด

dai — Any; which; indefinite or interrogative pronoun

ร้ายแรง

rai-raeng — Serious; severe; gravely harmful or dangerous

ไป

pai — To go; directional particle indicating away from speaker

กว่า

kwa — More than; comparative particle indicating greater degree

ห้าม

ham — To forbid; to prohibit; to ban an action

มิให้

mi-hai — Not to allow; to prevent; formal prohibition

ผู้

phu — Person who; one who; nominalizer for people

ผิด

phit — Wrong; incorrect; guilty of a mistake or crime

ซ่อน

son — To hide; to conceal; to keep out of sight

หน้า

na — Face; front; page; facial expression

ด้วย

duay — With; also; by means of; together with

ละอาย

la-ai — To feel ashamed; to be embarrassed or humiliated

แก่นสาร

kaen-san — Essence; substance; the core meaning of something

ลงโทษ

long-thot — To punish; to impose a penalty on someone

อย่างไร

yang-rai — How; in what manner; in whatever way

ก็ตาม

ko-tam — Anyway; regardless; even so; no matter what

กรณี

ka-ra-ni — Case; situation; an instance or legal matter

ดัง

dang — Like; as; loud; as described or mentioned

ที่

thi — That; which; at; relative pronoun or place marker

มัก

mak — Often; tend to; habitually inclined to do

เกิด

koet — To occur; to be born; to happen or arise

ขึ้น

khuen — Up; to rise; directional particle indicating upward

คดี

kha-di — Case; lawsuit; a legal or court matter

อื่นๆ

uen-uen — Others; other things or people of the same type

คำ

kham — Word; spoken unit; a word or statement

พิพากษา

phi-phak-sa — To sentence; to judge; a judicial ruling

เธอ

thoe — She; her; you (informal, often female)

ระบุ

ra-bu — To specify; to state clearly; to identify exactly

ต้อง

tong — Must; have to; required to do something

ยืน

yuen — To stand; to remain standing upright

อยู่

yu — To be at; to stay; existence at a location

บน

bon — On; above; on top of a surface

แท่น

thaen — Platform; pedestal; a raised stand or block

ระยะ

ra-ya — Distance; period; a span of time or space

เวลา

we-la — Time; a period or point in time

แต่

tae — But; however; only; contrasting conjunction

ไม่

mai — Not; negation particle; no

ผ่าน

phan — To pass; to go through; to pass by

รัด

rat — To bind; to tighten; to fasten around something

บริเวณ

bo-ri-wen — Area; zone; a surrounding region or vicinity

คอ

kho — Neck; throat; the neck of a person or bottle

บังคับ

bang-khap — To force; to compel; to control or mandate

ศีรษะ

si-sa — Head; the top part of the human body

ซึ่ง

sueng — Which; that; relative pronoun connecting clauses

นั่น

nan — That; referring to something previously mentioned

คือ

khue — Is; means; defining or identifying something

ลักษณะ

lak-sa-na — Characteristic; feature; a defining trait or quality

โหดร้าย

hot-rai — Cruel; brutal; savagely harsh or merciless

ที่สุด

thi-sut — Most; the superlative degree; the extreme end

เครื่องมือ

khrueang-mue — Tool; instrument; a device used for a task

น่า

na — Worthy of; likely to evoke a feeling

เกลียด

kliat — To hate; to detest; strong dislike for something

รู้

ru — To know; to be aware of; to understand

ดี

di — Good; well; of positive quality or character

บทบาท

bot-bat — Role; part played; a function in society

ตน

ton — Oneself; self; reflexive pronoun for one's own person

ก้าว

kao — Step; stride; to step or advance forward

บันได

ban-dai — Stairs; ladder; steps used to climb up

ถูก

thuk — To be done to; cheap; correct; passive marker

เปิดเผย

poet-phoei — To reveal; to disclose; to make something public

ฝูงชน

fung-chon — Crowd; mob; a large group of people gathered

ล้อม

lom — To surround; to encircle; to enclose something

รอบ

rop — Around; surrounding; a round or cycle

ณ

na — At; in; formal preposition indicating location

สูง

sung — Tall; high; elevated in height or level

ประมาณ

pra-man — Approximately; about; an estimated amount or degree

ระดับ

ra-dap — Level; grade; a degree or standard of something

ไหล่

lai — Shoulder; the upper arm and body joint area

ผู้ชาย

phu-chai — Man; male person; an adult male human

เหนือ

nuea — Above; north; over; higher than something else

ถนน

tha-non — Road; street; a path for vehicles and people

หาก

hak — If; in case; a conditional conjunction

มี

mi — To have; there is; to possess something

ชาว

chao — People of; native of; inhabitant of a place

พวก

phuak — Group; they; a collective of people or things

เขา

khao — He; she; they; third-person pronoun

อาจ

at — Might; may; expressing possibility or probability

มองเห็น

mong-hen — To see; to perceive visually; to catch sight of

สตรี

sa-tri — Woman; female; a formal word for a woman

งาม

ngam — Beautiful; graceful; aesthetically pleasing

ผู้นี้

phu-ni — This person; this individual; referring to someone specific

งดงาม

ngot-ngam — Exquisitely beautiful; strikingly elegant and attractive

ยิ่งนัก

ying-nak — Extremely; very much; to a remarkable degree

เครื่อง

khrueang — Machine; device; set of; classifier for appliances

แต่งกาย

taeng-kai — To dress; attire; the way one is clothed

ท่าทาง

tha-thang — Posture; manner; bearing; the way one carries oneself

พร้อม

phrom — Ready; along with; prepared or complete

ทารก

tha-rok — Infant; baby; a very young child

น้อย

noi — Little; few; small in amount or age

อก

ok — Chest; bosom; the front of the torso

ทำให้

tham-hai — To cause; to make; to bring about a result

นึกถึง

nuek-thueng — To think of; to recall; to bring to mind

ภาพ

phap — Image; picture; a visual representation

มารดา

man-da — Mother; a formal word for one's mother

ศักดิ์สิทธิ์

sak-sit — Sacred; holy; blessed with divine or spiritual power

จิตรกร

jit-tra-kon — Painter; artist who creates visual artworks

ยิ่งใหญ่

ying-yai — Great; magnificent; grand in scale or importance

มากมาย

mak-mai — Many; a lot; a great number or abundance

ต่าง

tang — Different; various; each; separately distinct

แข่งขัน

khaeng-khan — To compete; to contest; rivalry between parties

ถ่ายทอด

thai-thot — To transmit; to convey; to pass on or broadcast

เพียง

phiang — Only; merely; just; limited to that amount

ทาง

thang — Way; path; direction; a route or channel

ตรง

trong — Straight; direct; exactly opposite; honest

ข้าม

kham — To cross; opposite; across from something else

ถึง

thueng — To reach; until; to arrive at a point

ปราศจาก

prat-ja-jak — Free from; without; devoid of something entirely

บาป

bap — Sin; wrongdoing; a morally or religiously evil act

ไถ่บาป

thai-bap — To redeem sin; to atone; to make amends spiritually

ให้

hai — To give; to allow; causative or dative marker

แก่

kae — To; for; old; preposition indicating recipient

โลก

lok — World; earth; the globe or all of humanity