The Scarlet Letter — Page 150

Vocabulary

หลัก

lak — principle, main point, or fundamental concept

ความ

khwaam — nominalizing prefix expressing abstract concepts or states

เชื่อ

chʉ̂a — to believe or trust in something or someone

นี้

níi — this; demonstrative pronoun indicating nearby object

ไม่

mâi — no, not; general negation particle in Thai

เคย

khəəi — ever; indicates past experience or habitual action

ถูก

thùuk — correct; also passive marker or inexpensive

สั่ง

sàng — to order, command, or instruct someone to act

สอน

sɔ̌ɔn — to teach or instruct knowledge or skills

เลย

ləəi — at all; emphatic particle meaning never or therefore

ยก

yók — to lift, raise, or cite as an example

ตัวอย่าง

tua yàang — example or sample used for illustration

เช่น

chên — for example, such as; introduces illustrative cases

โดย

dooi — by, by means of; indicates agent or method

บาทหลวง

bàat lǔang — Catholic priest or ordained Christian clergyman

ผู้

phûu — person who; nominalizing prefix for human agent

เป็น

pen — to be; links subject to predicate or identity

ที่

thîi — place; also relative pronoun or nominalizer

เคารพ

khao róp — to respect or show reverence toward someone

นับถือ

náp thʉ̌ʉ — to revere, respect, or follow a religion

ซึ่ง

sʉ̂ng — which, that; relative pronoun connecting clauses

เครา

khrao — beard; facial hair growing on a man's chin

ของ

khɔ̌ɔng — of, belonging to; possessive particle in Thai

เขา

khǎo — he, she, they; third-person personal pronoun

ขาว

khǎao — white; the color white or pale in shade

ราว

raao — about, approximately; also a rail or rod

กับ

kàp — with, and; conjunction joining nouns or clauses

หิมะ

hìmá — snow; frozen precipitation falling in cold weather

โปรย

prooi — to sprinkle or scatter lightly onto a surface

ปราย

praai — to scatter or sprinkle in small amounts

ปรากฏ

praa kòt — to appear, emerge, or become visible to others

ให้

hâi — to give; also causative particle meaning let or make

เห็น

hěn — to see or perceive visually

เหนือ

nʉ̌a — above, north; indicating direction or position above

บ่า

bàa — shoulder; the upper part of one's arm joint

ท่าน

thân — you (formal); respectful second or third person pronoun

ว่าการ

wâa kaan — to administer or be in charge of affairs

ขณะ

khàná — moment, while; indicating a point or period in time

สวม

sǔam — to wear or put on clothing or accessories

ใส่

sài — to put in or wear; place something onto something

ดัง

dang — loud; also meaning as, like, or famous

กล่าว

klàao — to say, state, or mention formally

ได้

dâai — can, able to; also past tense marker

แนะนำ

náe nam — to recommend, introduce, or suggest something to someone

ว่า

wâa — that; complementizer introducing reported speech or thought

ลูก

lûuk — child, offspring; also used for small round fruits

แพร์

phɛɛ — pear; a sweet juicy fruit with rounded shape

และ

láe — and; conjunction connecting words, phrases, or clauses

พีช

phîit — peach; a soft sweet fruit with fuzzy skin

อาจ

àat — might, may; indicates possibility or probability

จะ

jà — will, going to; future tense marker in Thai

ปรับ

pràp — to adjust, adapt, or fine-tune something

ตัว

tua — body, self; classifier for animals and clothing

เข้า

khâo — to enter or go into a place or state

ภูมิ

phuum — land, territory; also knowledge or pride

อากาศ

aa kàat — weather, air; atmospheric conditions of the environment

ใน

nai — in, inside, within; preposition indicating interior location

สุด

sùt — most, utmost; superlative marker or extreme degree

องุ่น

à ngùn — grape; small sweet fruit growing in clusters

สี

sǐi — color; visual hue or shade of an object

ม่วง

mûang — purple; a color between blue and red

บังคับ

bang kháp — to force, compel, or mandate someone to act

เจริญ

jà rəən — to grow, prosper, or flourish over time

เติบโต

tə̀əp tôo — to grow up or develop physically over time

ริม

rim — edge, border, side; near the margin of something

กำแพง

kam phɛɛng — wall; a solid barrier or partition structure

สวน

sǔan — garden or orchard where plants are cultivated

รับ

ráp — to receive, accept, or pick up something given

แสง

sɛ̌ɛng — light; radiant energy visible to the human eye

แดด

dɛ̀ɛt — sunlight; direct light and heat from the sun

นักบวช

nák bùat — monk, clergy; person who has taken religious vows

ชรา

chá raa — old age; advanced years of a person's life

การ

kaan — action, process; nominalizing prefix for verbs

หล่อ

lɔ̀ɔ — handsome; also to mold or cast a material

เลี้ยง

líang — to raise, nourish, or take care of someone

จาก

jàak — from; indicates origin, source, or separation point

อ้อม

ɔ̂ɔm — to embrace or go around something indirectly

อก

òk — chest, bosom; front torso of the human body

อัน

an — general classifier for various objects; also one item

อุดม

ù dom — abundant, rich; full of resources or good things

สมบูรณ์

sǒm buun — complete, perfect, abundant; fully sufficient in all ways

ศาสน

sàat sà ná — religion; relating to faith or religious doctrine

จักร

jàk — wheel, empire; also used in religious or royal contexts

อังกฤษ

ang grìt — England or English; relating to Britain or its language

มี

mii — to have or there is; indicates possession or existence

รส

rót — taste, flavor; sensory quality perceived in the mouth

นิยม

ní yom — to prefer or be popular; preference or popularity

ยาวนาน

yaao naan — long-lasting, prolonged; extending over a long time

ชอบ

chɔ̂ɔp — to like or enjoy something or someone

ธรรม

tham — dharma, righteousness; moral principle or religious truth

สิ่ง

sìng — thing, object; general classifier for things or matters

ดี

dii — good, well; positive quality or favorable condition

สะดวก

sà dùak — convenient, comfortable; easy and without difficulty

สบาย

sà baai — comfortable, at ease; feeling relaxed and well

ทั้ง

tháng — all, both; indicating entirety of a group or set

ปวง

puang — all, every; totality of people or things mentioned

แสดง

sà dɛɛng — to show, display, or perform for an audience

เคร่งครัด

khrêng khrát — strict, rigorous; following rules firmly without compromise

เพียง

phiang — only, merely, just; limiting to a small degree

ใด

dai — any, which; interrogative or indefinite pronoun

ธรรมาสน์

tham mâat — pulpit; raised platform from which clergy preach sermons

หรือ

rʉ̌ʉ — or; conjunction presenting alternatives or asking questions

ตำหนิ

tam nì — to blame, criticize, or reprimand someone's behavior

ต่อ

tɔ̀ɔ — against, toward, per; preposition indicating direction or rate

หน้า

nâa — face; front side; also next or future

สาธารณชน

sǎa thaa rá na chon — the general public; people of society as a whole

ละเมิด

lá məət — to violate, infringe, or breach a rule or right

อย่าง

yàang — way, manner, type; as or in the manner of

แต่

tɛ̀ɛ — but, however; conjunction indicating contrast or exception

น้ำใจ

nám jai — goodwill, generosity; kindly spirit shown toward others

เมตตา

mét taa — loving-kindness, compassion; benevolent goodwill toward others

อบอุ่น

òp ùn — warm, cozy; physically or emotionally comforting and pleasant

ชีวิต

chii wít — life; the existence and experience of a living being

ส่วน

sùan — part, portion, section; a component of a larger whole

ก็

kɔ̂ɔ — also, then, well; discourse particle linking clauses

ทำ

tham — to do, make, or perform an action

รัก

rák — to love; feel deep affection for someone or something

ใคร่

khrâi — to desire or wish for something; a longing

ยิ่ง

yîng — more, even more; intensifier indicating greater degree

กว่า

kwàa — more than, rather than; used in comparisons

เพื่อน

phʉ̂an — friend; a person with whom one has friendship

ร่วม

rûam — together, joint; sharing or participating collectively

วิชาชีพ

wí chaa chîip — profession, career; specialized occupational field requiring training

คน

khon — person, people; human being and classifier for people

ด้าน

dâan — side, aspect, area; a face or dimension of something

หลัง

lǎng — back, behind, after; rear side or following in time

แขก

khɛ̀ɛk — guest, visitor; a person invited or welcomed somewhere

อีก

ìik — another, more, again; indicates addition or repetition

สอง

sɔ̌ɔng — two; the number 2

ตาม

taam — according to, following; to follow or in accordance with

มา

maa — to come; directional verb toward the speaker

คือ

khʉʉ — is, namely, that is; defines or identifies the subject

อ่าน

àan — to read written text or printed material

จำ

jam — to remember or memorize something from the past

สั้นๆ

sân sân — briefly, shortly; in a concise or abbreviated manner

เต็ม

tem — full, complete; filled to capacity or maximum extent

ใจ

jai — heart, mind; seat of emotions and inner feelings

เหตุการณ์

hèet kaan — event, incident; something that happens at a time

แห่ง

hɛ̀ng — of, at; classifier for places or locations

อัปยศ

àp pà yót — disgrace, shame; state of dishonor or public humiliation

ฐานะ

thǎa ná — status, position, standing; one's social or financial situation

คลุกคลี

khlúk khlii — to mingle or associate closely with others

ใกล้ชิด

klâi chít — close, intimate; having a near or tight relationship

บุคคล

bùk khon — person, individual; a specific human being

ทักษะ

thák sà — skill, ability; proficiency developed through practice

ยอดเยี่ยม

yɔ̂ɔt yîam — excellent, outstanding; of the highest quality or ability

แพทย์

phɛ̂ɛt — doctor, physician; a licensed medical practitioner

ช่วง

chûang — period, interval, span; a section of time or space

สาม

sǎam — three; the number 3

ปี

pii — year; a period of twelve months

ผ่าน

phàan — to pass, go through, or elapse over time

ตั้ง

tâng — to set up, establish, or place something somewhere

รกราก

rók râak — to settle down and take root in a place

อยู่

yùu — to live, stay, or remain at a place

เมือง

mʉang — city, town; an urban settlement or municipality

เข้าใจ

khâo jai — to understand; to comprehend the meaning of something

กัน

kan — each other, together; reciprocal or collective action particle

ชาย

chaai — man, male; an adult male person

รอบรู้

rɔ̂ɔp rúu — knowledgeable, well-informed; having broad general knowledge

มิตร

mít — friend, ally; a person who is friendly toward one

สหาย

sà hǎai — companion, comrade; a close friend or associate

หนุ่ม

nùm — young man; a male person in youth or early adulthood

สุขภาพ

sùk khà phâap — health; the overall condition of one's physical wellbeing

ทรุดโทรม

thrút soom — deteriorating, declining; worsening in health or condition

ลง

long — to go down, decrease; directional particle downward

หนัก

nàk — heavy, severe; having great weight or seriousness

เนื่องจาก

nʉ̂ang jàak — because of, due to; indicating cause or reason

เสียสละ

sǐia sà lá — to sacrifice, give up something for others' benefit

ตน

ton — oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the subject

เอง

eeng — oneself, itself; emphatic reflexive or self-referential particle

ขอบเขต

khɔ̀ɔp khèet — boundary, limit, scope; the extent of something defined

จำกัด

jam kàt — to limit, restrict; confined within certain boundaries

เพื่อ

phʉ̂a — in order to, for the purpose of achieving something

ภาระ

phaa rá — burden, responsibility; a heavy load or obligation

กิจ

kìt — task, duty, affair; a matter or business to handle

หน้าที่

nâa thîi — duty, responsibility; an obligation one is expected to fulfill