The Scarlet Letter — Page 166

Vocabulary

สำหรับ

sam-rap — preposition meaning 'for' or 'intended for'

ผู้ที่

phu-thi — relative pronoun meaning 'one who' or 'those who'

รู้จัก

ru-jak — to know or be acquainted with someone

นิสัย

ni-sai — habit, character, or personal nature of someone

ของ

khong — possessive particle meaning 'of' or 'belonging to'

เขา

khao — third-person pronoun meaning 'he', 'she', or 'they'

ดี

di — adjective meaning good, fine, or virtuous

ที่สุด

thi-sut — superlative marker meaning 'most' or 'the best'

ความ

khwam — nominalizing prefix creating abstract nouns from adjectives

ซีด

sit — pale or pallid in complexion, lacking color

เซียว

siao — gaunt, haggard, or worn-looking in appearance

บน

bon — preposition meaning 'on' or 'on top of'

แก้ม

khaem — the cheek, the fleshy part of the face

นักบวช

nak-buat — a religious person, monk, or ordained clergy member

หนุ่ม

num — young man or youthful male person

นั้น

nan — demonstrative meaning 'that' or 'those' (distal)

ได้รับ

dai-rap — to receive, obtain, or be given something

การ

kan — nominalizing prefix for actions or processes

อธิบาย

a-thi-bai — to explain, describe, or clarify something to someone

ว่า

wa — complementizer meaning 'that'; also used for quotation

เป็น

pen — to be; linking verb indicating identity or state

เพราะ

phro — conjunction meaning 'because' or 'due to'

ทุ่มเท

thum-the — to dedicate oneself fully, pour effort into something

อย่าง

yang — adverbial marker meaning 'in a manner' or 'like'

แรงกล้า

raeng-kla — intense, fervent, or with great strength and zeal

ใน

nai — preposition meaning 'in', 'inside', or 'within'

ศึกษา

suek-sa — to study, learn, or pursue formal education

เล่าเรียน

lao-rian — to study or attend classes, acquire knowledge formally

ปฏิบัติ

pa-ti-bat — to practice, perform duties, or carry out tasks

หน้าที่

na-thi — duty, responsibility, or assigned role or function

ประจำ

pra-jam — regular, routine, or assigned on a regular basis

ตำบล

tam-bon — a subdistrict, the smallest administrative unit in Thailand

เคร่งครัด

khreng-khrat — strict, rigorous, or adhering firmly to rules

และ

lae — conjunction meaning 'and', connecting words or clauses

เหนือ

nuea — above, over, or northern direction

สิ่งอื่นใด

sing-uen-dai — anything else, any other thing whatsoever

คือ

khue — equating verb meaning 'is', 'namely', or 'that is'

อดอาหาร

ot-a-han — to fast, abstain from eating food deliberately

ตื่น

tuen — to wake up or be awake and alert

เฝ้า

fao — to watch over, guard, or keep vigil carefully

ยาม

yam — a period of watch or guard duty at night

ซึ่ง

sueng — relative pronoun meaning 'which' or 'that'

เพื่อ

phuea — conjunction meaning 'in order to' or 'so that'

มิให้

mi-hai — so as not to allow; to prevent something from happening

หยาบ

yap — coarse, rough, crude, or vulgar in nature

กระด้าง

kra-dang — hard, rough, callous, or insensitive in character

นี้

ni — demonstrative meaning 'this' or 'these' (proximal)

มา

ma — to come; also a directional verb complement

อุดตัน

ut-tan — to block, clog, or obstruct a passage or flow

บดบัง

bot-bang — to obscure, overshadow, or block from view

แสงสว่าง

saeng-sa-wang — light, brightness, or illumination

ทาง

thang — way, path, direction, or means of doing something

จิตวิญญาณ

jit-win-yan — spirit, soul, or spiritual dimension of a person

บางคน

bang-khon — some people, certain individuals, not everyone

กล่าว

klao — to say, state, or declare formally or in writing

หาก

hak — conjunction meaning 'if' or 'in the event that'

จะ

ja — future tense marker indicating intention or prediction

สิ้นใจ

sin-jai — to die, breathe one's last, pass away

จริง

jing — true, real, genuine, or indeed

นั่น

nan — demonstrative pronoun meaning 'that' (slightly distal)

ก็

ko — discourse particle meaning 'then', 'also', or 'so'

เหตุผล

het-phon — reason, rationale, or logical justification

เพียงพอ

phiang-pho — sufficient, enough, adequate for the purpose

แล้ว

laeo — already; also marks completion of an action

โลก

lok — the world, earth, or worldly existence

ไม่

mai — negation particle meaning 'not' or 'no'

คู่ควร

khu-khuan — worthy, deserving, or suited to someone or something

ที่

thi — relative pronoun or place marker meaning 'that/which/at'

ให้

hai — to give; causative marker meaning 'to cause to'

เท้า

thao — the foot, the lower extremity of the leg

เหยียบย่ำ

yiap-yam — to trample, tread upon, or stamp underfoot

อีก

ik — again, more, another, or additional

ต่อไป

to-pai — to continue, go on, or hereafter, from now on

ทางกลับกัน

thang-klap-kan — on the contrary, conversely, or the other way around

ตัว

tua — body, self, or classifier for animals and objects

เอง

eng — reflexive particle meaning 'oneself' or 'by oneself'

ด้วย

duai — also, too, with, or by means of

ถ่อมตน

thom-ton — to be humble, modest, or self-deprecating

อัน

an — classifier or relative particle for things and concepts

ลักษณะ

lak-sa-na — characteristic, feature, trait, or quality of something

ได้

dai — can, able to; also past tense or resultative marker

ประกาศ

pra-kat — to announce, declare, or proclaim publicly

ความเชื่อ

khwam-chuea — belief, faith, or conviction held by someone

ตน

ton — oneself, a reflexive or formal self-reference

พระผู้เป็นเจ้า

phra-phu-pen-jao — God, the Lord, the supreme divine being

ทรง

song — royal verb prefix indicating action by royalty or God

เห็น

hen — to see, perceive visually, or hold an opinion

สมควร

som-khuan — appropriate, fitting, or deemed proper and right

พราก

phrak — to separate, take away, or remove from someone

ไป

pai — to go; directional complement indicating away from speaker

ภารกิจ

pha-ra-kit — mission, task, duty, or important assignment

ต่ำต้อย

tam-toi — lowly, humble, of low status or insignificant

พระองค์

phra-ong — third-person pronoun for royalty, God, or high figures

แม้

mae — even though, although, even if

มี

mi — to have, possess, or there is/are

ความเห็น

khwam-hen — opinion, view, or perspective on a matter

แตกต่าง

taek-tang — to differ, be different, or vary from something

กัน

kan — each other, together, or mutual reciprocal action

เกี่ยวกับ

kiao-kap — about, concerning, or related to a topic

สาเหตุ

sa-het — cause, reason, or root factor behind something

แห่ง

haeng — of, from; formal possessive or locative particle

เสื่อมโทรม

sueam-som — deteriorated, degraded, or in a state of decline

แต่

tae — but, however, yet; contrastive conjunction

ไม่มี

mai-mi — there is not, to not have, to lack something

ผู้ใด

phu-dai — anyone, whoever, any person at all

ตั้ง

tang — to set up, establish, or raise a question

ข้อสงสัย

kho-song-sai — doubt, question, or point of uncertainty

เป็นจริง

pen-jing — to be true, to actually occur, to be real

สิ่ง

sing — thing, object, matter, or abstract entity

เกิดขึ้น

koet-khuen — to happen, occur, or come into existence

ร่างกาย

rang-kai — the physical body of a person or animal

ผอม

phom — thin, slim, or underweight in physical appearance

โซ

so — extremely thin, emaciated, or skin and bones

ลง

long — to go down, decrease, or directional complement downward

เรื่อยๆ

rueai-rueai — continuously, gradually, on and on without stopping

เสียง

siang — sound, voice, or noise produced by something

ยังคง

yang-khong — still, continue to remain in a certain state

ไพเราะ

phai-ro — melodious, pleasant-sounding, or harmonious to the ear

นุ่มนวล

num-nuan — soft, gentle, smooth, or mild in tone or texture

แฝง

faeng — hidden, concealed, latent, or embedded within something

ไว้

wai — to keep, retain, or hold in place for later

นิมิต

ni-mit — omen, vision, or prophetic sign

เสื่อม

sueam — to deteriorate, decline, or diminish in quality

สลาย

sa-lai — to dissolve, disintegrate, collapse, or fall apart

น่า

na — prefix expressing that something evokes a feeling

เศร้าโศก

sao-sok — sorrowful, mournful, deeply sad or grief-stricken

บ่อยครั้ง

boi-khrang — often, frequently, many times over

ผู้คน

phu-khon — people, folks, the general public around someone

สังเกต

sang-ket — to observe, notice, or pay careful attention to

เมื่อใด

muea-dai — whenever, at whatever time something happens

ก็ตาม

ko-tam — whatever, however; concessive particle expressing flexibility

ดัง

dang — loud; also used as 'as' or 'like' in comparisons

หรือ

rue — or; disjunctive conjunction or question marker

เหตุการณ์

het-kan — event, incident, or situation that takes place

ฉับพลัน

chap-phlan — suddenly, abruptly, or all at once without warning

ใดๆ

dai-dai — any, whatever, whichever; general indefinite reference

เอา

ao — to take, get, bring, or use something

มือ

mue — the hand, the palm and fingers of the arm

กุม

kum — to grasp, hold tightly, or clutch with the hand

หน้าอก

na-ok — the chest, the front of the upper body

โดย

doi — by, by means of, through a method or agent

หน้า

na — face; also front side or next (in sequence)

แดงก่ำ

daeng-kam — deep red, flushed, or crimson in color

ขึ้น

khuen — to go up, rise, or increase; upward directional complement

ก่อน

kon — before, first, or prior to something else

จึง

jueng — therefore, thus, consequently, as a result

สัญญาณ

san-yan — signal, sign, or indicator of something

บ่งบอก

bong-bok — to indicate, point to, or suggest something clearly

ถึง

thueng — to reach, arrive at; preposition meaning 'about' or 'until'

เจ็บปวด

jep-puat — pain, ache, or physical suffering

นี่

ni — this (proximal demonstrative), often used in speech

สภาพ

sa-phap — condition, state, or situation of something

แสง

saeng — light, ray, or beam of illumination

อรุณ

a-run — dawn, the first light of morning

ดู

du — to look, watch, or appear to be something

เหมือน

muean — similar to, like, or resembling something else

ดับ

dap — to go out, be extinguished, or turned off

มอด

mot — to fade out, die down, or be extinguished slowly

วัย

wai — age, life stage, or period of one's life

ควร

khuan — should, ought to, or appropriate to do

ใกล้

klai — near, close, or approaching in distance or time

เมื่อ

muea — when, at the time that, or ago (past time)

เดินทาง

doen-thang — to travel, make a journey, or go on a trip

เมือง

mueang — city, town, or urban area; also can mean country