The Scarlet Letter — Page 224

Vocabulary

เมื่อ

mûea — when; at the time that something occurred

สังคม

sǎng-khom — society; a community of people living together

ตีความ

dtii-khwaam — to interpret; to assign meaning to something

กิริยามารยาท

gì-rí-yaa maa-rá-yâat — manners; polite behavior and social etiquette

ของ

khǎawng — of; belonging to someone or something

ว่า

wâa — that; introduces a clause or reported speech

เป็น

bpen — to be; indicates a state or identity

การ

gaan — nominalization prefix indicating an action or process

วิงวอน

wing-wawn — to plead; to beg earnestly for something

ใน

nai — in; inside; within a place or context

ลักษณะ

lák-sà-nà — characteristic; quality or distinguishing feature

นี้

níi — this; refers to something nearby or just mentioned

จึง

jueng — therefore; consequently; as a result

มี

mii — to have; to exist; there is/are

แนวโน้ม

naew-nôhm — tendency; trend; inclination toward something

ที่

thîi — that; which; relative pronoun or location marker

จะ

jà — will; future tense marker or intention

แสดง

sà-daeng — to show; to display; to perform or express

สีหน้า

sǐi-nâa — facial expression; appearance of one's face

เมตตากรุณา

mét-dtaa gà-rú-naa — loving kindness and compassion; benevolent sympathy

ต่อ

dtàaw — toward; to; in relation to someone or something

อดีต

à-dìit — past; former; a previous time or state

เหยื่อ

yùea — victim; prey; one who suffers harm

ตน

dton — oneself; a reflexive or formal self-reference

มากกว่า

mâak gwàa — more than; to a greater degree or extent

นาง

naang — she; Mrs.; a formal title for a woman

ปรารถนา

bpraat-thà-nǎa — to desire; to wish for something deeply

ได้รับ

dâai-ráp — to receive; to obtain something given or offered

หรือ

rǔe — or; a conjunction indicating alternatives

อาจ

àat — might; may; expressing possibility or uncertainty

สมควร

sǒm-khuaan — deserving; appropriate; worthy of something

ด้วย

dûay — also; too; with; by means of

ซ้ำ

sám — again; even; adds emphasis to a statement

บรรดา

ban-daa — all; the various; referring to a group collectively

ผู้ปกครอง

phûu bpòk-khrawng — ruler; guardian; one who governs or oversees others

และ

láe — and; conjunction connecting words or clauses

ชาย

chaai — man; male person

ผู้

phûu — person who; one who; prefix indicating a person

ฉลาด

chà-lâat — intelligent; clever; smart in thinking or actions

รอบรู้

râwp-rúu — knowledgeable; well-informed across many subjects

ชุมชน

chum-chon — community; a local group of people living together

ต่าง

dtàang — different; each; variously; in different ways

ใช้

chái — to use; to employ something for a purpose

เวลา

weh-laa — time; a period or moment in time

นาน

naan — long; for a long duration of time

กว่า

gwàa — than; more than; comparative particle

ประชาชน

bprà-chaa-chon — the people; citizens; general public of a nation

ทั่วไป

thûa-bpai — general; common; widespread among most people

ยอมรับ

yawm-ráp — to accept; to acknowledge; to recognize something

อิทธิพล

ìt-thí-pon — influence; power to affect others or situations

แห่ง

hàeng — of; from; a classifier for places or sources

คุณธรรม

khun-tham — virtue; moral quality; ethical goodness in character

ความดี

khwaam-dii — goodness; the quality of being morally good

อคติ

à-khà-dtì — bias; prejudice; unfair preconceived opinion

พวกเขา

phûak-khǎo — they; them; third-person plural pronoun

ร่วม

rûam — together; jointly; to participate with others

กับ

gàp — with; together with; in connection to

นั้น

nán — that; those; referring to something previously mentioned

เสริม

sǒerm — to reinforce; to supplement; to strengthen something

ความ

khwaam — prefix nominalizing adjectives or verbs into abstract nouns

แข็งแกร่ง

khǎeng-graèng — strong; robust; having great physical or moral strength

ตัว

dtua — body; self; a classifier for animals or letters

โครงสร้าง

khrôong-sâang — structure; framework; the organized arrangement of parts

เหตุผล

hèht-phǒn — reason; rationale; logical explanation for something

ดั่ง

dàng — like; as; resembling in a poetic or formal sense

เหล็กกล้า

lèk-glâa — steel; very strong and resilient material or quality

ทำให้

tham-hâi — to cause; to make; to result in something happening

ขจัด

khà-jàt — to eliminate; to get rid of something unwanted

เหล่านั้น

lào-nán — those; referring to a previously mentioned group

ออกไป

àwk-bpai — to go out; away; to remove outward from a place

เรื่อง

rûeang — story; matter; topic; an issue or subject

ยาก

yâak — difficult; hard; not easy to do or achieve

ลำบาก

lam-bàak — hardship; trouble; experiencing difficulty or suffering

ยิ่ง

yîng — even more; increasingly; to a greater degree

มาก

mâak — many; much; a lot; to a great extent

กระนั้น

grà-nán — even so; nevertheless; despite that circumstance

วัน

wan — day; a period of twenty-four hours

แล้ว

láew — already; then; after completing an action

เล่า

lâo — indeed; you see; a sentence-final emphasis particle

รอยย่น

rawy-yôn — wrinkle; a line or fold on skin or fabric

เคร่งขรึม

khrêng-khrǔem — stern; grave; having a serious and strict demeanor

แข็งกร้าว

khǎeng-grâao — harsh; rigid; unyielding in manner or attitude

ก็

gâw — also; then; a discourse particle linking clauses

ค่อยๆ

khâwy-khâwy — gradually; slowly; little by little over time

คลาย

khlaai — to loosen; to relax; to ease tension or tightness

ลง

long — down; to decrease; directional particle indicating downward

สู่

sùu — to; toward; in the direction of something

สิ่ง

sìng — thing; object; an entity or matter

เติบโต

dtèrp-dtoh — to grow; to develop; to increase in size or maturity

กลาย

glaai — to become; to transform into something different

แสดงออก

sà-daeng-àwk — to express; to show feelings or thoughts outwardly

ถึง

thǔeng — to reach; until; to; arriving at a point

เมตตา

mét-dtaa — loving kindness; compassionate goodwill toward others

ได้

dâai — can; to be able to; past tense marker

เกือบ

gùeap — almost; nearly; not quite reaching a certain point

อย่าง

yàang — manner; way; type; like; adverbial modifier

สมบูรณ์

sǒm-buun — complete; perfect; fully developed or whole

กาล

gaan — time; era; a formal or literary word for time

เหมาะสม

màw-sǒm — appropriate; suitable; fitting for the situation

เช่นนี้

chên-níi — like this; such as this; in this manner

แหละ

làe — exactly; just; a particle emphasizing a statement

คือ

khue — is; that is; used to define or equate things

สภาพ

sà-phâap — condition; state; the current situation of something

ตำแหน่ง

dtam-nàeng — position; rank; a role or post held by someone

ฐานะ

thǎa-nà — status; standing; one's social or financial position

ซึ่ง

sûeng — which; that; a relative pronoun connecting clauses

อัน

an — which; a classifier and relative pronoun for things

สูงส่ง

sǔung-sòng — lofty; noble; high and dignified in status

กำหนด

gam-nòt — to determine; to set; to assign a rule or schedule

หน้าที่

nâa-thîi — duty; responsibility; obligation one must fulfill

พิทักษ์

phí-thák — to protect; to guard; to defend something or someone

ศีลธรรม

sǐin-tham — morality; moral principles guiding right and wrong

สาธารณชน

sǎa-thaa-rá-ná-chon — the public; general populace; people of society

ให้

hâi — to give; to allow; causative marker

แก่

gàe — to; for; toward; also means old (aged)

ขณะ

khà-nà — moment; while; at the same time as

เดียวกัน

diao-gan — same; the very same; identical in time or place

ผู้คน

phûu-khon — people; individuals; referring to people in general

ชีวิต

chii-wít — life; existence; one's living experience

ส่วนตัว

sùan-dtua — personal; private; relating to one's own affairs

อภัย

à-phai — forgiveness; pardon; to excuse someone's wrongdoing

สำหรับ

sǎm-ràp — for; intended for a specific person or purpose

อ่อนแอ

àwn-ae — weak; feeble; lacking strength or resilience

โดย

dooi — by; through; by means of an action or agent

สิ้นเชิง

sîn-choeng — completely; entirely; to the fullest possible extent

ไป

bpai — to go; away; directional particle indicating movement

เริ่ม

rêrm — to begin; to start doing something

มอง

maawng — to look; to gaze; to view something visually

ตัวอักษร

dtua-àk-sǎwn — letter; character; a written alphabetic symbol

สีแดงเลือดนก

sǐi-daeng-lûeat-nók — scarlet red; a vivid blood-red color

สัญลักษณ์

sǎn-lák — symbol; sign; an emblem representing something else

มิใช่

mí-châi — is not; formal negation indicating something is not

บาป

bàap — sin; wrongdoing; a moral transgression or evil act

ครั้งเดียว

khráng-diao — one time; only once; a single occurrence

แบกรับ

bàek-ráp — to bear; to carry a burden or responsibility

สำนึกโทษ

sǎm-núek-thôot — to feel remorse; to be conscious of one's guilt

ยาวนาน

yaao-naan — long; prolonged; lasting for an extended duration

หม่นหมอง

mòn-maawng — gloomy; somber; feeling sad and downhearted

นัก

nák — very; extremely; intensifier following an adjective

หาก

hàak — if; in case; a conditional conjunction

แต่

dtàe — but; however; a contrastive conjunction

ดีงาม

dii-ngaam — good and beautiful; virtuous and admirable in character

มากมาย

mâak-maai — many; plentiful; a large amount of something

กระทำ

grà-tham — to do; to act; to perform a deed or action

นับแต่

náp-dtàe — since; from; counting from a certain point in time

คุณ

khun — you; a polite second-person pronoun; also means virtue

เห็น

hěn — to see; to perceive visually; to notice something

หญิง

yǐng — woman; female; a grown female person

คน

khon — person; people; a human being or individual

เข็มกลัด

khěm-glàt — brooch; a decorative pin fastened to clothing

ปัก

bpàk — to embroider; to stitch; to plant something pointed

ลวดลาย

lûat-laai — pattern; design; decorative motif on fabric or surface

ไหม

mǎi — silk; also a question particle at sentence end

มัก

mák — often; tend to; habitually inclined to do something

พูด

phûut — to speak; to talk; to say something verbally

แปลกหน้า

bplàek-nâa — stranger; unfamiliar person; someone not previously known

นั่น

nân — that; over there; referring to something at a distance

เรา

rao — we; us; first-person plural or informal singular pronoun

เมือง

mueang — city; town; a populated urban settlement

น้ำใจ

nám-jai — generosity; kindheartedness; the spirit of giving help

ยากจน

yâak-jon — poor; impoverished; lacking financial resources

ช่วยเหลือ

chûay-lǔea — to help; to assist; to support someone in need

ป่วยไข้

bpùay-khâi — sick; ill; suffering from illness or disease

ปลอบโยน

bplàwp-yohn — to comfort; to console; to soothe someone's distress

ทุกข์ยาก

thúk-yâak — suffering; hardship; experiencing misery and difficulty

เพียง

phiang — only; merely; just; no more than something