The Scarlet Letter — Page 326

Vocabulary

บางคน

bang khon — Some people; certain individuals among a group

ใน

nai — In; inside; within a place or context

หมู่

mu — Group; cluster; community of people or things

พวก

phuak — Group; bunch; a set of people or things

เขา

khao — He; she; they; third-person pronoun

แท้จริง

thae ching — Truly; in reality; genuine or actual fact

แล้ว

laeo — Already; then; indicates completed action or sequence

ด้วย

duay — Also; with; too; additionally included

การ

kan — Nominalizer prefix indicating an action or process

รับใช้

rap chai — To serve; to work in service of someone

ดินแดน

din daen — Territory; land; a region or area of land

และ

lae — And; a conjunction connecting words or clauses

สมรภูมิ

sommaraphum — Battlefield; a site where military battles occur

อื่นๆ

uenuen — Others; et cetera; various other things or people

ของ

khong — Of; belonging to; possessive particle in Thai

สงคราม

songkhram — War; armed conflict between nations or groups

ยุโรป

yurop — Europe; the western continental region of Eurasia

ได้รับ

dai rap — To receive; to obtain; to be given something

สิทธิ์

sit — Right; entitlement; legal or moral authority

อย่าง

yang — In a manner; like; as; a way of doing

สมควร

somkhuan — Appropriate; deserving; fitting for a situation

ที่จะ

thi cha — That will; in order to; indicating purpose or intent

รับเอา

rap ao — To take on; to adopt; to accept something formally

นาม

nam — Name; title; noun; a designation for someone

ความ

khwam — Nominalizer prefix indicating a state or quality

โอ่อ่า

o-a — Magnificent; grand; splendid in appearance

เป็น

pen — To be; to exist as; linking verb in Thai

ทหาร

thahan — Soldier; military personnel; member of armed forces

ขบวน

khabuan — Procession; convoy; an organized moving group

ทั้งหมด

thang mot — All; entire; everything included without exception

ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น

ying pai kwa nan — Furthermore; moreover; in addition to what was said

สวมใส่

suam sai — To wear; to put on clothing or accessories

เกราะเหล็ก

kro lek — Iron armor; metal protective suit worn in battle

ที่

thi — That; which; at; relative pronoun or place marker

ขัดเงา

khat ngao — To polish; to make shiny by rubbing

มี

mi — To have; there is; to possess something

ขนนก

khon nok — Feather; plume; a decorative bird feather

อยู่

yu — To be located; to stay; to reside somewhere

เหนือ

nuea — Above; over; north; higher than something else

หมวกเกราะ

muak kro — Helmet; protective headgear worn by soldiers

อัน

an — Classifier for objects; one; a certain thing

แวววาว

waeo wao — Glittering; gleaming; shining brightly and attractively

พวกเขา

phuak khao — They; them; third-person plural pronoun

งดงาม

ngot ngam — Beautiful; gorgeous; pleasing and elegant in appearance

ซึ่ง

sueng — Which; that; a relative pronoun linking clauses

ไม่มี

mai mi — There is none; to not have; lacking something

แสดง

sadaeng — To show; to display; to perform or demonstrate

ยุค

yuk — Era; epoch; a distinct period of history

สมัยใหม่

samai mai — Modern era; contemporary times; the present age

ใด

dai — Any; which; an interrogative or indefinite pronoun

สามารถ

samat — Can; able to; capable of doing something

หวัง

wang — To hope; to wish; to expect a desired outcome

จะ

cha — Will; shall; future tense marker in Thai

เทียบเคียง

thiap khiang — To compare; to match; to rival in quality

ได้

dai — Can; able; to obtain; past tense marker

ถึงกระนั้น

thueng kra nan — Nevertheless; even so; despite that situation

บรรดา

banda — All of; those; a collective group of people

บุรุษ

burut — Man; male person; gentleman; masculine individual

ผู้

phu — Person who; one who; individual performing an action

เกียรติยศ

kiat yot — Honor; prestige; distinguished reputation and dignity

ทาง

thang — Way; path; direction; means of doing something

พลเรือน

phon ruean — Civilian; non-military person in society

เดิน

doen — To walk; to move on foot from place to place

ตาม

tam — To follow; according to; along after someone

มา

ma — To come; to move toward the speaker

ทันที

than thi — Immediately; at once; right away without delay

หลัง

lang — After; behind; back; following in time or space

กอง

kong — Troop; pile; a military unit or grouped mass

คุ้มกัน

khum kan — To escort; to guard; protective accompaniment

กลับ

klap — To return; to go back; reversing direction

น่าสนใจ

na son chai — Interesting; appealing; worthy of attention or curiosity

กว่า

kwa — More than; rather than; comparative particle

สำหรับ

samrap — For; intended for; used for a specific purpose

สายตา

sai ta — Eyesight; gaze; line of vision or observation

สังเกตการณ์

sangket kan — To observe; to monitor; careful watching of events

ใคร่ครวญ

khrai khruan — To contemplate; to deliberate; to think carefully

แม้แต่

mae tae — Even; not even; emphasizing inclusion of extreme case

กิริยามารยาท

kiriya marayat — Manners; etiquette; polite behavior and conduct

ภายนอก

phai nok — Outside; exterior; outward appearance or surface

ให้เห็น

hai hen — To reveal; to make visible; to show clearly

ถึง

thueng — To reach; until; up to a point or place

ตราประทับ

tra prathap — Stamp; seal; an official mark of authority

แห่ง

haeng — Of; at; a classifier for places or institutions

สง่างาม

sa-nga ngam — Dignified; elegant; carrying oneself with noble grace

ทำให้

tham hai — To cause; to make; to render something a state

ท่าทาง

tha thang — Posture; manner; bearing; outward demeanor and stance

องอาจ

ong at — Bold; brave; commanding in presence and demeanor

นักรบ

nak rop — Warrior; fighter; a person skilled in combat

ดู

du — To look; to watch; to appear or seem

หยาบคาย

yap khai — Rude; coarse; vulgar in behavior or speech

ถ้า

tha — If; supposing that; a conditional conjunction

ไม่

mai — Not; no; negation particle in Thai language

ถึงขั้น

thueng khan — To the extent of; going so far as; reaching level

น่าขัน

na khan — Ridiculous; laughable; worthy of mockery or amusement

นั่น

nan — That; that one; referring to something previously mentioned

ยุคสมัย

yuk samai — Age; era; a particular period in historical time

สิ่ง

sing — Thing; object; an entity or matter of concern

เรา

rao — We; us; first-person plural pronoun in Thai

เรียกว่า

riak wa — Called; known as; referred to by a name

ความสามารถ

khwam samat — Ability; capability; skill or competence in something

คำนึงถึง

khamnung thueng — To consider; to take into account; to think about

น้อยกว่า

noi kwa — Less than; fewer than; smaller in comparison

ปัจจุบัน

patchuban — Present; current; pertaining to the current time

มาก

mak — Very; much; a lot; indicating high degree

แต่

tae — But; however; a conjunction showing contrast

วัตถุดิบ

wattu dip — Raw material; basic ingredient used to create something

มหึมา

mahima — Enormous; immense; of great size or significance

ก่อให้เกิด

ko hai koet — To cause; to give rise to; to produce a result

มั่นคง

man khong — Stable; firm; secure and steady in position

ศักดิ์ศรี

sak si — Dignity; honor; self-worth and personal prestige

อุปนิสัย

uppanisai — Character; disposition; inherent personal traits

นั้น

nan — That; those; a demonstrative pronoun referring back

มากกว่า

mak kwa — More than; greater than; exceeding in degree

ประชาชน

prachachon — People; citizens; the general public of a nation

คุณสมบัติ

khun sombat — Quality; qualification; attribute or characteristic possessed

เคารพนับถือ

khaorop napthue — To respect; to hold in high regard and esteem

โดย

doi — By; through; via; indicating means or agent

สืบทอด

suep thot — To inherit; to pass down through generations

ลูกหลาน

luk lan — Descendants; offspring; children and grandchildren

หาก

hak — If; in case; a conditional conjunction like 'if'

มัน

man — It; that; third-person pronoun for things or animals

ยังคง

yang khong — Still; continue to; remaining in a certain state

เลย

loei — At all; past; so; an emphasis or result particle

ก็

ko — Also; then; also serves as a filler or softener

สัดส่วน

sat suan — Proportion; ratio; relative size or degree

น้อยลง

noi long — Decrease; less and less; becoming smaller or fewer

แรง

raeng — Strong; force; powerful; with great strength

ลดน้อยลง

lot noi long — To diminish; to reduce; to become less over time

อย่างมาก

yang mak — Greatly; significantly; to a very large degree

คัดเลือก

khat lueak — To select; to choose; to filter candidates carefully

ประเมินค่า

pramoenkha — To evaluate; to assess value or worth of something

บุคคล

bukkhon — Person; individual; a specific human being

สาธารณะ

satharana — Public; open to all; relating to community at large

เปลี่ยนแปลง

plian plaeng — To change; to transform; to alter significantly

นี้

ni — This; these; referring to something nearby or current

อาจ

at — May; might; possibly; expressing uncertainty or possibility

เป็นไป

pen pai — To be possible; to happen; to come to pass

เพื่อ

phuea — For; in order to; expressing purpose or benefit

ประโยชน์

prayot — Benefit; advantage; usefulness gained from something

หรือ

rue — Or; either; a disjunctive conjunction in Thai

โทษ

thot — Harm; penalty; punishment; negative consequence

บางส่วน

bang suan — Some part; a portion; partially included fraction

บางที

bang thi — Sometimes; perhaps; occasionally or possibly true

ทั้งสอง

thang song — Both; the two; referring to two things together