The Scarlet Letter — Page 353

Vocabulary

อาจ

aat — might, may; expressing possibility or uncertainty

เป็น

pen — to be; indicates state or identity

ได้

dai — can, able to; indicates possibility or past action

ว่า

waa — that; introduces a quoted or reported clause

เมื่อ

mueа — when; referring to a past time or moment

เรา

rao — we, us; first-person plural pronoun

ลืม

luem — to forget; fail to remember something

เลือน

luean — to fade, become vague or indistinct in memory

พระเจ้า

phra jao — God; supreme divine being

ของ

khong — of, belonging to; possessive particle

ละเมิด

la moet — to violate, infringe upon rights or rules

ความ

khwaam — abstract noun prefix; state or quality of something

เคารพ

khao rop — to respect, show reverence toward someone

ที่

thii — at, which; place marker or relative pronoun

มี

mii — to have, there is/are; indicates existence

ต่อ

to — toward, against; connective preposition showing direction

จิต

jit — mind, psyche; the conscious mental faculty

วิญญาณ

win yaan — soul, spirit; spiritual essence of a being

กัน

kan — each other, together; reciprocal or collective particle

และ

lae — and; conjunction linking words or clauses

ตั้งแต่

tang tae — since, from; marks a starting point in time

นั้น

nan — that, those; demonstrative pronoun for distant reference

มา

maa — to come; movement toward the speaker

ก็

ko — also, then; particle indicating result or addition

การ

kaan — prefix nominalizing verbs into abstract action nouns

สูญ

suun — to lose, disappear; become empty or extinct

เปล่า

plao — empty, in vain; without purpose or result

จะ

ja — will, going to; future tense marker

หวัง

wang — to hope, wish for something desired

พบ

phop — to meet, find, encounter someone or something

อีก

iik — again, more, another; indicates repetition or addition

ใน

nai — in, within; preposition indicating location inside

โลก

lôok — world, earth; the planet or realm of existence

หน้า

naa — next, front, face; ahead in time or space

กลับ

klap — to return, go back; reverse direction or action

รวม

ruam — to combine, include, gather together

อัน

an — classifier particle; also used as relative pronoun

นิรันดร์

ni ran — eternal, everlasting; without beginning or end

บริสุทธิ์

bo ri sut — pure, innocent, untainted by sin or impurity

ทรง

song — royal honorific verb prefix; to possess or maintain

ทราบ

saap — to know, be aware of (polite form)

พระองค์

phra ong — royal pronoun for king, queen, or deity

เมตตา

met taa — loving-kindness, compassion; benevolent goodwill toward others

พิสูจน์

phi suut — to prove, verify; demonstrate truth of something

มาก

maak — much, many, a lot; high degree or quantity

ที่สุด

thii sut — most, the utmost; superlative degree marker

ทุกข์

thuk — suffering, distress; pain or unhappiness in life

ทรมาน

tho ra maan — to torment, torture; cause severe pain or suffering

ข้าพเจ้า

khaa pha jao — I, me; formal first-person singular pronoun

ด้วย

duay — with, also, by means of; accompaniment particle

ประทาน

pra thaan — to bestow, grant; royal term for giving something

แสน

saen — extremely, one hundred thousand; intensifier of degree

สาหัส

saa hat — severe, serious, grievous; extremely grave or painful

นี้

nii — this, these; demonstrative pronoun for nearby reference

ให้

hai — to give, let, allow; causative and benefactive particle

แบก

baek — to carry on the shoulder or back; bear a burden

รับ

rap — to receive, accept; take something offered

ไว้

wai — to keep, retain; indicates action held in reserve

บน

bon — on, upon, above; preposition of surface position

อก

ok — chest, bosom; front of the torso

ส่ง

song — to send, deliver; dispatch something to somewhere

ชาย

chaai — man, male; adult male person

ชรา

cha raa — old age, elderly; advanced stage of aging

ผู้

phuu — person, one who; nominalizing prefix for agent nouns

มืด

muet — dark, darkness; absence of light

หม่น

mon — gloomy, somber, dull; lacking brightness or cheer

น่า

naa — worthy of, likely to; precedes adjectives to express quality

สะพรึง

sa phrueng — terrifying, dreadful; causing fear or horror

กลัว

kluа — to fear, be afraid; feel dread or fright

เพื่อ

phueа — for, in order to; expresses purpose or goal

คุก

khuk — prison, jail; place of confinement for criminals

รุ่น

run — generation, model, batch; a group of same era

อยู่

yuu — to stay, live, be located; continuous state marker

เสมอ

sa moe — always, consistently, equally; without exception

นำ

nam — to lead, bring, carry; guide toward a destination

นี่

nii — here, this (emphatic); near demonstrative pronoun

สิ้น

sin — to end, run out; exhaust or terminate completely

ชีวิต

chii wit — life; the state of being alive

อัปยศ

ap pa yot — disgrace, shame; state of dishonor or humiliation

ภาค

phaak — region, section, part; division of area or content

ภูมิใจ

phuum jai — to be proud; feel satisfaction in achievement

ประชาชน

pra chaa chon — people, citizens; the general public of a country

หาก

haak — if, in case; conditional conjunction

ขาด

khaad — to lack, be severed; missing or broken apart

สัก

sak — even one, just a little; minimizer particle

อย่าง

yaang — kind, type, manner; indicates way or category

หนึ่ง

nueng — one; the number 1 or an indefinite article

เหล่า

lao — group, those, these; plural marker for people/things

ไป

pai — to go; movement away from speaker

คง

khong — probably, likely; expresses conjecture or persistence

หลง

long — to be lost, infatuated; wander astray or be deceived

หาย

haai — to disappear, recover; no longer present or ill

ตลอด

ta lot — throughout, all along; from start to finish

กาล

kaan — time, era; a period or epoch (formal/literary)

คำ

kham — word; unit of spoken or written language

สุดท้าย

sut thaai — last, final; occurring at the very end

ออก

ok — to exit, go out; move outward from inside

พร้อม

phrom — ready, along with; prepared or accompanied by

กับ

kap — with, and; together with someone or something

ลม

lom — wind, air; moving air or breath

หายใจ

haai jai — to breathe; inhale and exhale air

นักบวช

nak buat — clergy, monk, priest; one who has taken religious vows

ฝูงชน

fuung chon — crowd, throng; large gathering of people

เงียบ

ngiap — quiet, silent; absence of noise or sound

งัน

ngan — stunned silent, speechless; struck dumb with shock

ปล่อย

ploi — to release, let go; set something or someone free

เสียง

siang — sound, voice; audible noise or tone

แปลก

plaek — strange, unusual, different; not ordinary or familiar

ประหลาด

pra laat — odd, bizarre; surprisingly strange or unexpected

ลึกซึ้ง

luek sueng — profound, deep; having great depth of meaning

ยำเกรง

yam kreng — to revere, hold in awe; deep respectful fear

พิศวง

phit sawong — to be amazed, wonder; filled with astonishment

ซึ่ง

sueng — which, that; relative pronoun connecting clauses

ยัง

yang — still, yet, also; continuative or additive particle

หา

haa — to seek, look for; search to find something

คำพูด

kham phuut — speech, words spoken; verbal expression or utterance

ไม่ได้

mai dai — cannot, did not; negates ability or past action

นอกจาก

nok jaak — except, besides, apart from; exclusionary conjunction

พึมพำ

phuem pham — to mumble, murmur; speak quietly and indistinctly

กลิ้ง

kling — to roll; move by turning over and over

หนัก

nak — heavy, serious; great in weight or severity

หน่วง

nuang — to delay, weigh down; cause sluggishness or heaviness

ตาม

taam — to follow, according to; in accordance with

จาก

jaak — from, away from; indicates origin or departure

หลังจาก

lang jaak — after, following; subsequent in time to an event

ผ่าน

phaan — to pass through, go past; move across or by

หลาย

laai — many, several; an unspecified large number

วัน

wan — day; a 24-hour period

เวลา

we laa — time; a specific or general period or moment

เพียง

phiang — only, merely, just; limiting or restrictive adverb

พอ

pho — enough, sufficient; adequate amount or degree

ผู้คน

phuu khon — people, folks; human beings in general

จัด

jat — to arrange, organize; put things in order

ระเบียบ

ra biap — order, rule, discipline; systematic arrangement or regulation

คิด

khit — to think, consider; use mental thought or reasoning

ตน

ton — oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the subject

เกี่ยวกับ

kiao kap — about, concerning, related to; indicates subject matter

เหตุการณ์

het kaan — event, incident; something that happens at a time

บอกเล่า

bok lao — to narrate, recount; tell a story or account

มากกว่า

maak kwaa — more than; comparative degree of quantity or degree

เรื่อง

rueang — story, matter, topic; subject of discussion or narrative

สิ่ง

sing — thing, object; a general reference to any item

เห็น

hen — to see, notice; perceive visually

นั่งร้าน

nang raan — scaffold, scaffolding; temporary platform for construction or execution

ผู้ชม

phuu chom — audience, spectator; person who watches an event

ส่วน

suan — part, portion, section; a component of a whole

ใหญ่

yai — big, large, major; great in size or importance

โชคร้าย

chook raai — unlucky, unfortunate; having bad luck or misfortune

อักษร

ak son — letter, character, script; written alphabetic symbol

สี

sii — color; visual property of hue

แดง

daeng — red; the color of blood or fire

เข้ม

khem — dark, deep, intense; strong in color or flavor

ลักษณะ

lak sa na — characteristic, feature; distinguishing quality or appearance

เหมือน

muean — like, similar to, resembling; comparison of likeness

สวม

suam — to wear, put on; dress oneself in clothing

ใส่

sai — to put on, insert; place into or onto something

ประทับ

pra thap — to impress, stamp; royal term for residing or impressing

เนื้อ

nueа — flesh, meat, skin; bodily tissue of a living being

หนัง

nang — skin, leather, film; outer covering or thin material

ที่มา

thii maa — origin, source; where something comes from

มัน

man — it, he/she (informal); third-person pronoun

อธิบาย

a thi baai — to explain, describe; make something clear or understandable

ต่างๆ

taang taang — various, diverse; many different kinds or types

มากมาย

maak maai — abundant, numerous; very many or a great deal

ทั้งหมด

thang mot — all, entire, everything; the complete total amount

ล้วน

luan — all, entirely; without exception purely one thing

คาดเดา

khaad dao — to guess, speculate; make an uncertain prediction

บางคน

baang khon — some people, someone; an unspecified group of persons

ยืนยัน

yuen yan — to confirm, assert; state something with certainty

ท่าน

thaan — you (respectful); honorific second or third person pronoun

บาทหลวง

baat luang — priest, Catholic father; ordained Christian clergyman