The war of the worlds — Page 140

Vocabulary

แต่

tàe — But, however; conjunction indicating contrast

เมื่อ

mûea — When; at the time that something occurred

เข้า

khâo — To enter, go into a place or state

ไป

pai — To go; indicates movement away from speaker

อยู่

yùu — To be, stay, or exist somewhere

ใน

nai — In, inside, within a place or thing

กระแส

kra-sàe — Current, flow, or stream of movement

ผู้คน

phûu khon — People, persons in general as a group

เขา

khǎo — He, she, or they; third-person pronoun

ดู

duu — To look at, watch, or appear to be

เหมือน

mǔean — To resemble, seem like, or be similar to

จะ

jà — Will, going to; future tense marker

สูญเสีย

suun sǐa — To lose something permanently; suffer a loss

ความ

khwaam — Nominalizer prefix creating abstract nouns from adjectives

ตั้งใจ

tâng jai — To intend, be determined, or pay attention

ของ

khǎawng — Of, belonging to; possessive particle

ตนเอง

ton eeng — Oneself; reflexive pronoun indicating self-reference

และ

láe — And; conjunction joining words or clauses

กลาย

klaai — To become, turn into something different

เป็น

pen — To be; linking verb indicating identity or state

ส่วน

sùan — Part, portion, or section of a whole

หนึ่ง

nùeng — One; the number one or a part

ฝูงชน

fuung chon — A crowd or large group of people

ที่

thîi — At, which, that; relative pronoun or place marker

ฝุ่น

fùn — Dust; fine dry particles in the air

นั้น

nán — That, those; demonstrative pronoun referring to something distant

พวกเขา

phûak khǎo — They, them; third-person plural pronoun

ถูก

thùuk — Passive marker; to be acted upon by something

พัดพา

phát phaa — To sweep or carry along by wind or force

ผ่าน

phàan — To pass through or go past something

ต้อง

tâawng — Must, have to; indicates obligation or necessity

ฝ่า

fàa — To push through, break through an obstacle

ออก

àawk — Out, to exit or move outward from something

เกือบ

kùeap — Almost, nearly; close to but not quite

ไมล์

mai — Mile; unit of distance equal to 1.6 km

เลย

loei — Even, at all, past; intensifier or continuation marker

ใจกลาง

jai klaang — Center, heart, or middle of a place

เมือง

mueang — City, town, or urban settlement

กว่า

kwàa — More than, over; comparative particle

ข้าม

khâam — To cross over to the other side

อีก

ìik — Another, more, again; additional amount or time

ฝั่ง

fàng — Side, bank, or shore of a river or road

ถนน

tha-nǒn — Road, street; paved way for travel

ได้

dâai — Can, able to; past tense or achievement marker

มัน

man — It; third-person pronoun for things or animals

โกลาหล

koo-laa-hǒn — Chaos, turmoil; state of great disorder and confusion

บรรยาย

ban-yaai — To describe or narrate; give an account of something

ไม่

mâi — Not; negation particle used before verbs

เขต

khèet — Zone, district, or designated area

แยก

yâek — To separate, split, or diverge into parts

หลาย

lǎai — Many, several, multiple; indicating plurality

ครั้ง

khráng — Time, instance, occasion; classifier for occurrences

ซึ่ง

sûeng — Which, that; relative clause connector

ช่วย

chûai — To help, assist, or aid someone

บรรเทา

ban-thao — To relieve, ease, or alleviate discomfort or pressure

กดดัน

kòt dan — To pressure, oppress; apply force or stress on

ลง

long — Down, to descend; directional particle downward

บ้าง

bâang — Some, somewhat; indicates partial extent or degree

มุ่งหน้า

mûng nâa — To head toward, proceed in a specific direction

ทาง

thaang — Way, path, direction, or route toward somewhere

ตะวันออก

ta-wan-àawk — East; the direction of the rising sun

พบ

phóp — To find, meet, or encounter someone or something

จำนวน

jam-nuan — Number, quantity, or amount of something

มาก

mâak — Much, many, a lot; indicating large quantity

กำลัง

kam-lang — Currently doing; progressive aspect marker or strength

ดื่ม

dùem — To drink a liquid

น้ำ

náam — Water; liquid essential for life

จาก

jàak — From; indicating origin or starting point

ลำธาร

lam-thaан — Stream, brook; a small naturally flowing body of water

ริม

rim — Edge, beside, along the bank of something

สอง

sǎawng — Two; the number 2

ข้าง

khâang — Side, beside, next to something

รวมถึง

ruam thǔeng — Including, as well as; to encompass something additionally

แห่ง

hàeng — Classifier for places or locations; of a place

ถัด

thàt — Next, adjacent, the following one in sequence

บาง

baang — Some, certain; indefinite article for groups

คน

khon — Person, people; classifier for human beings

ถึง

thǔeng — To reach, arrive at; until or up to

กับ

kàp — With, and; linking people or things together

แย่งชิง

yâeng ching — To compete for or snatch something from others

กัน

kan — Each other, together; reciprocal action marker

เพื่อ

phûea — For, in order to; indicates purpose of action

ให้

hâi — To give; causative marker meaning to let or make

จุด

jùt — Point, spot, dot; a specific location

เงียบสงบ

ngîap sa-ngòp — Quiet and peaceful; calm and undisturbed state

ใกล้

klâi — Near, close to something in distance

มองเห็น

maawng hěn — To be able to see, spot something visually

รถไฟ

rót fai — Train; a railway vehicle for transporting passengers

ขบวน

kha-buan — Convoy, procession, or train of vehicles

แล่น

lâen — To run or travel smoothly, as a vehicle

ช้าๆ

cháa cháa — Slowly, at a reduced speed; repeated for emphasis

ตาม

taam — Along, following, according to; in accordance with

โดย

dooi — By, via; indicates means or agent of action

มี

mii — To have, there is; indicates existence or possession

สัญญาณ

sǎn-yaan — Signal, sign; a visual or auditory indicator

หรือ

rǔe — Or; conjunction presenting alternatives

ระเบียบ

ra-bìap — Order, regulation, rule; organized system of control

ใดๆ

dai dai — Any, whatsoever; emphasizes total lack or inclusivity

ด้วย

dûai — Also, with, by means of; adds or accompanies

แม้

máe — Even though, even if; concessive conjunction

กระทั่ง

kra-thâng — Even, until, as far as; emphatic inclusivity marker

บน

bon — On top of, above, upon a surface

กอง

kaawng — Pile, heap, or stack of material

ถ่านหิน

thàan hǐn — Coal; black rock used as fuel for energy

ด้านหลัง

dâan lǎng — Behind, the back side of something

ต่าง

tàang — Different, various; each individually or separately

เหนือ

nǔea — Above, north; direction or positional preposition

แนว

naeo — Line, row, direction, or trend of something

พี่ชาย

phîi chaai — Older brother; male sibling older than oneself

ฉัน

chǎn — I, me; first-person pronoun used by female or informal

เดา

dao — To guess, suppose, or estimate without certainty

ว่า

wâa — That; complementizer introducing a reported clause

เหล่า

lào — These, those; plural marker for a group

คง

khong — Probably, likely; indicates probability or supposition

รับ

ráp — To receive, accept, or pick up something

ผู้โดยสาร

phûu dooi sǎan — Passenger; person traveling on a vehicle

นอก

nâawk — Outside, beyond, exterior of a place

กรุง

krung — Capital city; metropolitan city designation

เพราะ

phráw — Because, since; introduces a reason or cause

ขณะ

kha-nà — While, moment, at the time of something

ตื่นตระหนก

tùen tra-nòk — To panic, be frightened; in a state of alarm

อย่าง

yàang — In a manner, way, or kind; adverbial modifier

รุนแรง

run raeng — Severe, intense, violent; strong level of force

ประชาชน

pra-chaa-chon — Citizens, public; the general population of people

ทำให้

tham hâi — To make, cause something to happen or change

สถานี

sa-thǎa-nii — Station; a stop for trains, buses, or police

กลาง

klaang — Middle, central; the center point of something

ใช้

chái — To use, utilize, or make use of something

การ

kaan — Nominalizer for actions; the act of doing something

บริเวณ

baw-ri-ween — Area, zone, surrounding space of a location

หยุด

yùt — To stop, halt, cease movement or action

พัก

phák — To rest, take a break, or pause activity

ตลอด

ta-làwt — Throughout, all along, the entire duration

ช่วง

chûang — Period, interval, span of time or space

บ่าย

bàai — Afternoon; the middle part of the day

เหลือ

lǔea — Remaining, left over; what is still available

เนื่องจาก

nûeang jàak — Due to, because of; indicates cause or reason

วุ่นวาย

wûn waai — Chaotic, busy, hectic; disorderly and complicated situation

ทั้ง

tháng — All, both, entire; inclusive of everything mentioned

วัน

wan — Day; a 24-hour period of time

สาม

sǎam — Three; the number 3

หมดแรง

mòt raeng — Exhausted, out of energy; completely drained of strength

สิ้นเชิง

sîn choeng — Completely, entirely, absolutely; total and utter extent

แล้ว

láew — Already, then; past completion marker

เริ่ม

rôem — To begin, start doing something

รู้สึก

rúu sùek — To feel, sense an emotion or physical sensation

หิวโหย

hǐu hǒi — Hungry, starving; strong feeling of needing food

ขึ้น

khûen — Up, to rise; directional particle upward or increase

มา

maa — To come; movement toward the speaker

คืน

khueen — Night; the dark hours after sunset

อากาศ

aa-kàat — Air, weather; atmospheric conditions outdoors

หนาวเย็น

nǎao yen — Cold and chilly; low temperature causing discomfort

ใคร

khrai — Who, anyone; interrogative or indefinite pronoun for people

กล้า

klâa — Brave, daring; having courage to do something

หลับ

làp — To sleep, fall asleep; eyes closed in rest

นอน

naawn — To lie down, sleep; resting horizontally