The war of the worlds — Page 97

Vocabulary

อาจ

àat — Might, may; expressing possibility or uncertainty

เป็น

pen — To be; indicating state or identity

ไป

pai — To go; moving away from current location

ได้

dâi — Can, able to; also marks past tense

ว่า

wâa — That; introduces reported speech or clauses

ข้าม

khâam — To cross over; traverse a boundary or obstacle

ห้วง

hûang — Expanse, void; a vast deep space or abyss

อวกาศ

a-wá-kâat — Outer space; the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere

อัน

an — A classifier for objects; also means 'which/that'

กว้างใหญ่ไพศาล

kwâang-yài-pai-sǎan — Vast and immense; describing enormous boundless expanse

เหล่า

lào — Group of; collective noun marker for people or things

มนุษย์

má-nút — Human being; a person or member of humankind

ดาวอังคาร

daaw-ang-khaan — Mars; the fourth planet from the Sun

จับตา

jàp-taa — To watch closely; observe with keen attention

มอง

maawng — To look at; direct one's gaze toward something

ชะตากรรม

chá-taa-gam — Fate, destiny; one's predetermined course of fortune

ของ

khǎawng — Of, belonging to; possessive particle in Thai

บรรดา

ban-daa — All of; referring collectively to a group

ผู้บุกเบิก

phûu-bùk-bəək — Pioneer, trailblazer; one who opens new frontiers

พวก

phûak — Group, bunch; collective pronoun for people

ตน

ton — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to self

และ

láe — And; conjunction connecting words or clauses

เรียนรู้

rian-rúu — To learn; acquire knowledge or skills through experience

บทเรียน

bòt-rian — Lesson; unit of learning or instructive experience

บน

bon — On, upon; positional preposition indicating top surface

ดาวศุกร์

daaw-sùk — Venus; the second planet from the Sun

นั้น

nán — That; demonstrative pronoun pointing to distant thing

มัน

man — It; third-person pronoun for non-human subjects

พบ

phóp — To find, meet, encounter; come across something

กับ

gàp — With; preposition indicating accompaniment or relation

ที่อยู่อาศัย

thîi-yùu-aa-sǎi — Habitat, residence; a place suitable for living

ที่

thîi — That, which; relative pronoun or place marker

มั่นคง

mân-khong — Stable, secure; firm and not easily disturbed

กว่า

gwàa — More than; comparative particle indicating degree

ไม่ว่า

mâi-wâa — No matter, regardless; introducing unconditional clauses

จะ

jà — Will, shall; future tense or intention marker

เช่นไร

chên-rai — In what way, however; asking or stating manner

ก็ตาม

gâw-taam — Anyway, nevertheless; concessive particle meaning regardless

ใน

nai — In, inside; preposition indicating location within

อีก

ìik — Another, more, again; indicating addition or repetition

หลาย

lǎai — Many, several; indicating a plural quantity

ปี

pii — Year; unit of time equal to twelve months

ข้างหน้า

khâang-nâa — Ahead, in front; referring to the future

การ

gaan — Nominalizing prefix; turns verbs into abstract nouns

อย่าง

yàang — Way, manner; adverbial particle indicating how

จดจ่อ

jòt-jàaw — To focus intently; concentrate attention on something

ย่อม

yâawm — Naturally, inevitably; indicating something is expected

ไม่มี

mâi-mii — There is no; negation of existence or possession

วัน

wan — Day; a 24-hour period of time

ผ่อนคลาย

phàawn-khlaai — To relax, unwind; release tension and rest

ลง

long — Down, descend; directional verb indicating downward movement

ลูกไฟ

lûuk-fai — Fireball; a bright blazing ball of fire

แห่ง

hàeng — Of, from; classifier or preposition for places

ท้องฟ้า

tháawng-fáa — Sky; the expanse of air above the Earth

เหล่านั้น

lào-nán — Those; plural demonstrative referring to distant things

คือ

khuu — Is, means; equating or defining two things

ดาวตก

daaw-tòk — Meteor, shooting star; rock burning in atmosphere

นำ

nam — To lead, bring; carry or guide toward destination

มา

maa — To come; movement toward the speaker

ซึ่ง

sûeng — Which, that; relative pronoun linking clauses

ความ

khwaam — Nominalizing prefix; creates abstract nouns from adjectives

หวาดกลัว

wàat-glua — To fear, dread; feel strong anxiety or terror

หลีกเลี่ยง

lìik-lîiang — To avoid, evade; stay away from something

ไม่ได้

mâi-dâi — Cannot, unable; negating ability or past action

แก่

gàe — To, for; preposition indicating recipient or beneficiary

มวล

muan — Mass, totality; the entire collection of something

มนุษยชาติ

má-nút-yá-châat — Humankind, humanity; all human beings collectively

ทุก

thúk — Every, all; indicating each member of a group

คน

khon — Person, people; human being or classifier for humans

ยาม

yaam — When, at the time of; temporal conjunction

ร่วง

rûang — To fall, drop; descend freely under gravity

หล่น

lòn — To fall down, drop; object falling from position

ลงมา

long-maa — To come down; descend toward the speaker's position

ขยาย

khà-yǎai — To expand, enlarge; make broader or wider

กว้าง

gwâang — Wide, broad; having great horizontal extent

มุมมอง

mum-maawng — Perspective, viewpoint; one's angle of seeing things

ผล

phǒn — Result, outcome; consequence produced by an action

จาก

jàak — From; preposition indicating origin or separation

เหตุการณ์

hèet-gaan — Event, incident; something that happens at a time

นี้

níi — This; demonstrative pronoun for nearby things

แทบ

thâep — Almost, nearly, barely; approximating a limit

ไม่

mâi — Not; primary negation particle in Thai

กล่าว

glàaw — To say, state; formal verb for speaking or declaring

เกิน

gəən — Exceed, beyond; surpassing a limit or amount

ความจริง

khwaam-jing — Truth, reality; what is actually true or factual

เลย

ləəi — At all, even; emphatic or resultative particle

ก่อน

gàawn — Before, first; indicating prior time or order

กระบอกสูบ

grà-bàawk-sùup — Cylinder; tube-shaped mechanical or geometric object

ตก

tòk — To fall; drop downward from a higher position

มี

mii — To have, there is; indicating existence or possession

ความเชื่อ

khwaam-chûua — Belief, faith; something accepted as true

โดย

dooi — By, through; indicating agent or means

ทั่วไป

thûa-pai — In general, generally; applying broadly to most cases

ตลอด

tà-làawt — Throughout, entire; spanning the whole duration or extent

ลึก

lûek — Deep; extending far down or inward

สิ่งมีชีวิต

sìng-mii-chii-wít — Living organism; any creature that is alive

ใด

dai — Any, which; interrogative or indefinite pronoun

ดำรง

dam-rong — To maintain, sustain; keep something existing or continuing

อยู่

yùu — To be, stay, live; indicating location or continued state

นอกเหนือ

nâawk-nǔua — Beyond, aside from; outside the scope of something

ผิวหน้า

phǐu-nâa — Surface; the outer layer or face of something

น้อยนิด

náawi-nít — Very little, tiny amount; an insignificant small quantity

ดาวเคราะห์

daaw-khráw — Planet; a celestial body orbiting a star

เล็กๆ

lék-lék — Very small, tiny; diminutive reduplication of small

เรา

rao — We, us, I; first-person singular or plural pronoun

บัดนี้

bàt-níi — Now, at this moment; formal word for present time

มองเห็น

maawng-hěn — To see, perceive visually; be able to observe

ไกล

glai — Far, distant; a great distance away

เดิม

dəəm — Original, former; as it was before changes

แล้ว

láew — Already, then; indicating completion or sequence

หาก

hàak — If, in case; conditional conjunction for hypotheticals

สามารถ

sǎa-mâat — Can, be able to; expressing capability or capacity

ถึง

thǔeng — To reach, arrive at; until or as far as

ก็

gâw — Then, also; conjunctive particle connecting conditions

เหตุผล

hèet-phǒn — Reason, rationale; logical basis for a conclusion

คิด

khít — To think, consider; engage in mental reasoning

สิ่งนี้

sìng-níi — This thing; referring to a specific nearby matter

เป็นไป

pen-pai — To be possible, to happen; used in possibilities

สำหรับ

sǎm-ràp — For, intended for; indicating purpose or recipient

เมื่อ

mûua — When, at the time; temporal conjunction for past events

เย็นตัว

yen-tua — To cool down; lower in temperature gradually

ช้าๆ

cháa-cháa — Slowly, gradually; at a reduced unhurried pace

ดวงอาทิตย์

duang-aa-thít — The Sun; the star at center of solar system

ทำให้

tham-hâi — To cause, make; producing an effect in something

โลก

lôok — Earth, world; the planet or the world generally

อยู่อาศัย

yùu-aa-sǎi — To reside, inhabit; live in a particular place

ดัง

dang — Like, as; conjunction comparing or citing examples

ที่สุด

thîi-sùt — Most, -est; superlative marker in Thai

ต้อง

tâawng — Must, have to; expressing necessity or obligation

เช่นนั้น

chên-nán — Like that, in that way; referring to prior manner

เส้นด้าย

sên-dâai — Thread, thin strand; a fine filament of fiber

ชีวิต

chii-wít — Life; the state of being alive and existing

เริ่มต้น

rəəm-tôn — To begin, start; commence from an initial point

ขึ้น

khûen — Up, rise; directional verb indicating upward movement

ที่นี่

thîi-nîi — Here, this place; indicating current location

ไหล

lǎi — To flow; move continuously like liquid or stream

ออกไป

àawk-pai — To go out, flow away; move outward from here

ดึง

deung — To pull, draw; exert force to bring closer

พี่สาว

phîi-sǎao — Older sister; an elder female sibling

ไว้

wái — Keep, retain; particle indicating maintained state

เลือนราง

luuan-raang — Faint, hazy, indistinct; barely visible or remembered

แต่

tàe — But, however; conjunction indicating contrast

งดงาม

ngót-ngaam — Beautiful, gorgeous; visually splendid and pleasing

ยิ่งนัก

yîng-nák — Extremely, greatly; intensifier meaning very much so

ภาพ

phâap — Image, picture; a visual representation or scene

ข้าพเจ้า

khâa-phá-jâo — I, me; formal first-person pronoun in Thai

ปลุก

plùk — To awaken, stir; rouse from sleep or inactivity

จิตใจ

jìt-jai — Mind, spirit, heart; one's inner mental and emotional state

แผ่ขยาย

phàe-khà-yǎai — To spread, expand outward; extend across a wide area

แหล่ง

lâeng — Source, site; an origin or location of something

เพาะพันธุ์

phâw-phan — To breed, cultivate; raise and reproduce organisms

ระบบสุริยะ

rá-bòp-sù-rí-yá — Solar system; the Sun and orbiting bodies around it

ทั่ว

thûa — Throughout, all over; covering every part of area

กว้างใหญ่

gwâang-yài — Vast, expansive; wide and large in extent

ไร้ชีวิต

rái-chii-wít — Lifeless, dead; lacking any living organisms

ดาวฤกษ์

daaw-rúek — Star; a luminous celestial body like the Sun

นั่น

nân — That; demonstrative pronoun for things at distance

เพียง

phiang — Only, merely, just; limiting to a small degree

ความฝัน

khwaam-fǎn — Dream, aspiration; a hope or imagined vision

โพ้น

phóon — Yonder, far beyond; indicating a distant place

ทาง

thaang — Way, path, direction; route or means to somewhere

กลับกัน

glàp-gan — On the contrary, reversed; opposite to what expected

ทำลายล้าง

tham-laai-láang — To destroy completely, annihilate; wipe out entirely

ผ่อนผัน

phàawn-phǎn — To make concessions, be lenient; allow flexibility temporarily

ชั่วคราว

chûa-khraao — Temporary, provisional; lasting only a short time

เท่านั้น

thâo-nán — Only, that's all; limiting exclusively to what stated