Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 12

Vocabulary

Quando

Temporal conjunction meaning 'when' introducing time clauses

fa

Third-person singular of 'fare'; here means 'ago' or 'does'

giorno

Day; a 24-hour period

alcune

Some; referring to an unspecified number of feminine nouns

donne

Women; plural of 'donna'

cominciano

They begin; third-person plural present of 'cominciare'

a

Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at'

pestare

To pound or crush something forcefully

il

Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'

riso

Rice; the edible grain staple crop

per

Preposition meaning 'for', 'in order to', or 'through'

separarlo

To separate it; infinitive with clitic pronoun attached

dalla

Contraction of 'da' and 'la' meaning 'from the'

paglia

Straw; dried stalks of grain after harvesting

e

Conjunction meaning 'and' connecting words or clauses

dalle

Contraction of 'da' and 'le' meaning 'from the' (plural)

bucce

Husks or peels; outer coverings of grain or fruit

mentre

While; conjunction indicating simultaneous actions

altre

Others; referring to other females or feminine nouns

si

Reflexive pronoun used with reflexive or pronominal verbs

avviano

They head toward; set off in a direction

verso

Preposition meaning 'toward' indicating direction

le

Feminine plural definite article or pronoun meaning 'the'

sorgenti

Springs; natural sources of water from the ground

procurarsi

To obtain or get something for oneself; reflexive infinitive

l'

Elided definite article 'lo' or 'la' before a vowel

acqua

Water; the essential liquid for drinking and use

Nel

Contraction of 'in' and 'il' meaning 'in the'

periodo

Period; a span or interval of time

della

Contraction of 'di' and 'la' meaning 'of the'

semina

Sowing; the agricultural act of planting seeds

marito

Husband; a married male partner

moglie

Wife; a married female partner

camminano

They walk; third-person plural present of 'camminare'

insieme

Together; in company with one another

faticosamente

Laboriously; with great effort and difficulty

i

Masculine plural definite article meaning 'the'

campi

Fields; open areas of land used for farming

dove

Where; relative adverb indicating place

uomo

Man; an adult male human being

pianta

Plants; third-person singular of 'piantare', to plant

semi

Seeds; small units from which plants grow

o

Or; conjunction presenting an alternative choice

talee

Cuttings; plant cuttings used for propagation

la

Feminine singular definite article or object pronoun 'her'

lo

Masculine singular object pronoun meaning 'him' or 'it'

aiuta

Helps; third-person singular present of 'aiutare'

versando

Pouring; gerund of 'versare', to pour liquid

A

Preposition meaning 'at' used with times or places

mezzogiorno

Noon; midday, twelve o'clock in the afternoon

meno

Less; also used in expressions like 'unless'

che

That or than; conjunction or relative pronoun

non

Not; negative adverb used to negate verbs

sia

Subjunctive of 'essere'; may be, third-person singular

di

Preposition meaning 'of', 'from', or 'about'

maggiore

Greater or major; comparative adjective meaning largest

attività

Activity or activities; tasks and work undertaken

del

Contraction of 'di' and 'il' meaning 'of the'

villaggio

Village; a small rural community or settlement

sono

Are; third-person plural present of 'essere'

praticamente

Practically; almost entirely, in a practical sense

sospese

Suspended; halted or interrupted temporarily

vediamo

We see; first-person plural present of 'vedere'

pieno

Full; completely filled with something

uomini

Men; plural of 'uomo', adult male human beings

addormentati

Asleep; past participle of 'addormentarsi', fallen asleep

in

Preposition meaning 'in' or 'into' indicating location

ozio

Idleness; state of doing nothing, leisure

bambini

Children; young boys and girls

possono

They can; third-person plural present of 'potere'

giocare

To play; to engage in games or recreation

con

With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means

trottole

Spinning tops; traditional toy spun on a point

forma

Shape or form; the outward appearance of something

disco

Disc; a flat circular shape or object

chiamati

Called; past participle of 'chiamare', named or referred to

temperatura

Temperature; degree of heat or cold in atmosphere

più

More; comparative adverb indicating greater degree

fresca

Cool or fresh; pleasantly low in temperature

paese

Village or country; a small town or homeland

torna

Returns; third-person singular present of 'tornare'

animarsi

To come alive; to become lively or active again

nelle

Contraction of 'in' and 'le' meaning 'in the' (plural)

case

Houses; plural of 'casa', residential buildings

tessono

They weave; third-person plural present of 'tessere'

coperte

Blankets or covers; woven coverings used for warmth

preparano

They prepare; third-person plural present of 'preparare'

cibo

Food; nourishment consumed for sustenance

anziane

Elderly women; older females in a community

danno

They give; third-person plural present of 'dare'

da

Preposition meaning 'from', 'by', or 'since'

mangiare

To eat; to consume food

ai

Contraction of 'a' and 'i' meaning 'to the' (plural)

polli

Chickens; domestic fowl raised for food

maiali

Pigs; domestic swine kept for meat

lavoratori

Workers; people who perform labor or work

dei

Contraction of 'di' and 'i' meaning 'of the' (plural)

cacciatori

Hunters; people who hunt wild animals

loro

Their or them; third-person plural pronoun or adjective

cani

Dogs; domestic animals kept as pets or for work

selvaggina

Game; wild animals hunted for food

aggiungono

They add; third-person plural present of 'aggiungere'

al

Contraction of 'a' and 'il' meaning 'to the'

generale

General; widespread, affecting everything overall

frastuono

Uproar or din; loud chaotic noise from many sources

ed

And; variant of 'e' used before vowels

eccitazione

Excitement; a state of heightened enthusiasm or agitation

scende

Descends; third-person singular of 'scendere', to come down

notte

Night; the period of darkness after sunset

se

If; conditional conjunction introducing hypothetical clauses

è

Is; third-person singular present of 'essere'

stagione

Season; one of four yearly periods of weather

secca

Dry; lacking moisture, referring to a dry season

falò

Bonfires; large outdoor fires lit for warmth or festivity

accendono

They light; third-person plural present of 'accendere'

diverse

Several or various; more than one, differing kinds

parti

Parts or places; sections or areas of a location

attorno

Around; preposition indicating surrounding position

ad

Preposition 'a' before vowels meaning 'to' or 'at'

essi

Them; third-person plural pronoun referring to things or people

ragazze

Girls or young women; female youth

riuniscono

They gather; third-person plural present of 'riunirsi'

filare

To spin thread; to twist fibers into yarn

Qui

Here; adverb indicating this place or location

vengono

They come; third-person plural present of 'venire'

anche

Also or too; adverb indicating addition

gli

Masculine plural definite article or indirect pronoun 'him'

ragazzi

Boys or young men; male youth

oziare

To idle; to spend time doing nothing productive

conversare

To converse; to engage in informal spoken exchange

Una

Feminine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'one'

parte

Part; a portion or share of something larger

considerevole

Considerable; notably large in amount or extent

tempo

Time; the ongoing sequence of events or duration

dell'

Elided contraction of 'di' and 'il' meaning 'of the'

impiegata

Spent or employed; used up for a particular purpose

nella

Contraction of 'in' and 'la' meaning 'in the'

preparazione

Preparation; the act of making ready for something

partecipazione

Participation; the act of taking part in something

effettiva

Actual or effective; real, not merely theoretical

alla

Contraction of 'a' and 'la' meaning 'to the' (feminine)

guerra

War; armed conflict between groups or nations

Abbiamo

We have; first-person plural present of 'avere'

già

Already; indicating something has happened before now

visto

Seen; past participle of 'vedere'

costante

Constant; continuous and unchanging over time

pericolo

Danger; a situation of risk or potential harm

nemici

Enemies; plural of 'nemico', hostile opponents

rende

Makes or renders; third-person singular of 'rendere'

opportuno

Advisable or appropriate; fitting for the circumstances

spostarsi

To move or travel; to displace oneself reflexively

gruppo

Group; a collection of people together

solo

Alone or only; without others, by oneself

raggiungere

To reach or arrive at a destination or goal

sorgente

Spring; a natural source of water from the ground