Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 8
In consequence of modern rationalism there is a tendency on the part of a considerable number of the Tinguian to consider these tales purely as stories and the characters as fictitious, but the mass of the people hold them to be true and speak of the actors as "the people who lived in the first times."
近代的合理主義の結果として、かなりの数のティンギアン人がこれらの物語を純粋な作り話とみなし、登場人物を架空の存在と考える傾向があるが、民衆の大多数はそれらを真実と信じ、登場人物たちを「最初の時代に生きた人々」と呼んでいる。
For the present we shall take their point of view and shall try to reconstruct the life in "the first times" as it appears in the tales.
さしあたり、私たちは彼らの視点に立ち、物語の中に描かれている「最初の時代」の生活を再構成してみることにしよう。
The principal actors live in Kadalayapan and Kaodanan, [6] towns which our chief story teller--when trying to explain the desire of Kanag to go down and get fruit--assures us were somewhere in the air, above the earth (p. 141).
主要な登場人物はカダラヤパンとカオダナンに住んでいる。これらの町について、私たちの主な語り手は——カナグが下に降りて果物を取りに行きたいという欲求を説明しようとする際に——地上の上空のどこかにあると保証している（141頁）。
[7] At other times these places are referred to as Sudipan--the term by which spirits are supposed to call the present earth--while the actors are referred to as Ipogau--the spirit name for Tinguian.
また別の箇所では、これらの場所はスディパンと呼ばれている——これは霊が現在の地球を呼ぶとされる言葉である——一方、登場人物たちはイポガウと呼ばれている——これはティンギアン人を指す霊の名称である。
Whatever its location it was a place much like the present home of this people.
その場所がどこにあるにせよ、それは現在この民族が暮らす土地によく似た場所であった。
The sky, the chief abode of spirits and celestial bodies, was above the land, and the heroes of the tales are pictured as ascending to visit the upper realms.
霊や天体の主な住処である空は大地の上にあり、物語の英雄たちは上界を訪れるために昇っていく姿として描かれている。
The trees, plants, and animals were for the most part those known to-day.
木々、植物、動物は、そのほとんどが今日知られているものと同じであった。
The ocean appears to have been well known, while mention is made of some places in Luzon, such as Dagopan and San Fernando in Pangasinan with which the people of to-day are not at all familiar (p.
海はよく知られていたようであり、一方でルソン島のいくつかの場所、たとえばパンガシナンのダゴパンやサン・フェルナンドなどが言及されているが、これらは現代の人々にはまったく馴染みのない地名である（頁
Vocabulary
- 近代
- kindai — Modern era; referring to recent historical period
- 的
- teki — Suffix meaning '-like', '-ical', or '-al'
- 合理
- gōri — Rationality; logical reasoning or sensibility
- 主義
- shugi — Principle, doctrine, or ideology
- 結果
- kekka — Result, outcome, or consequence of something
- かなり
- kanari — Considerably, fairly, or quite a lot
- 数
- kazu — Number, count, or quantity
- 人
- hito / jin — Person, people, or human being
- これら
- korera — These (things); plural proximal demonstrative pronoun
- 物語
- monogatari — Story, tale, or narrative account
- 純粋
- junsui — Pure, genuine, or unadulterated in nature
- 作り話
- tsukuribanashi — Made-up story, fiction, or fabrication
- みなし
- minashi — To regard as, consider, or deem something
- 登場
- tōjō — Appearance on stage; introduction of a character
- 人物
- jinbutsu — Person, character, or figure in a story
- 架空
- kakū — Fictional, imaginary, or non-existent
- 存在
- sonzai — Existence, being, or presence
- 考える
- kangaeru — To think, consider, or contemplate something
- 傾向
- keikō — Tendency, trend, or inclination toward something
- ある
- aru — To exist, be present, or have (inanimate)
- 民衆
- minshū — Common people, the masses, or populace
- 大多数
- daitasū — Great majority, most people, or vast number
- それら
- sorera — Those (things); plural medial demonstrative pronoun
- 真実
- shinjitsu — Truth, reality, or actual fact
- 信じ
- shinji — Stem of 'shinjiru': to believe or trust
- たち
- tachi — Pluralizing suffix for people or animate beings
- 最初
- saisho — First, beginning, or the very start
- 時代
- jidai — Era, age, period, or epoch in time
- 生き
- iki — Stem of 'ikiru': to live or be alive
- 人々
- hitobito — People, folks; plural form of 'hito'
- 呼ん
- yon — Conjunctive form of 'yobu': to call or name
- いる
- iru — To be, exist (animate); progressive aspect marker
- さしあたり
- sashiatari — For the time being, for now, provisionally
- 私
- watashi — I, me; first-person singular pronoun
- 彼ら
- karera — They, them; third-person plural pronoun
- 視点
- shiten — Viewpoint, perspective, or point of view
- 立ち
- tachi — Stem of 'tatsu': to stand or take a position
- 中
- naka — Inside, middle, or among something
- 描か
- egaka — Passive stem of 'egaku': to depict or describe
- 生活
- seikatsu — Daily life, living, or lifestyle
- 再
- sai — Prefix meaning 're-' or 'again'
- 構成
- kōsei — Composition, structure, or reconstruction
- みる
- miru — To try doing; auxiliary verb after te-form
- こと
- koto — Thing, fact, or nominalizer for verb phrases
- 主要
- shuyō — Main, principal, or primary in importance
- 住ん
- sun — Conjunctive form of 'sumu': to live or reside
- 町
- machi — Town, city district, or neighborhood
- つい
- tsui — Unintentionally, inadvertently, or just recently
- 主
- omo / nushi — Main, primary, or master/owner
- 語り手
- katarite — Narrator, storyteller, or speaker of a tale
- 下
- shita / shimo — Below, underneath, or lower position
- 降り
- ori — Stem of 'oriru': to descend or come down
- 果物
- kudamono — Fruit; edible produce from plants or trees
- 取り
- tori — Stem of 'toru': to take, pick, or obtain
- 行き
- iki — Stem of 'iku': to go somewhere
- たい
- tai — Auxiliary expressing desire or wanting to do
- いう
- iu — To say, speak, or be called something
- 欲求
- yokkyū — Desire, craving, or strong personal want
- 説明
- setsumei — Explanation, description, or clarification
- する
- suru — To do, perform, or carry out an action
- 際
- sai — Occasion, time, or when doing something
- 地上
- chijō — Above ground, on earth, or land surface
- 上空
- jōkū — Sky above, upper airspace, or overhead
- どこか
- dokoka — Somewhere, some place, or a certain location
- 保証
- hoshō — Guarantee, assurance, or warranty
- 頁
- pēji / peiji — Page; used in formal or literary writing
- また
- mata — Also, again, or furthermore
- 別
- betsu — Separate, different, or another distinct thing
- 箇所
- kasho — Passage, spot, or particular place in text
- 場所
- basho — Place, location, or spot
- 呼ば
- yoba — Passive stem of 'yobu': to be called or named
- これ
- kore — This (thing); proximal demonstrative pronoun
- 霊
- rei / tama — Spirit, soul, or supernatural being
- 現在
- genzai — Present time, now, or current situation
- 地球
- chikyū — Earth, the globe, or our planet
- 呼ぶ
- yobu — To call, name, or summon someone or something
- れる
- reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix
- 言葉
- kotoba — Word, language, or expression
- 一方
- ippō — On the other hand; meanwhile, or one side
- 指す
- sasu — To point to, indicate, or refer to something
- 名称
- meishō — Name, designation, or title for something
- その
- sono — That (attributive); demonstrative determiner
- どこ
- doko — Where; interrogative pronoun for location
- それ
- sore — That (thing); medial demonstrative pronoun
- この
- kono — This (attributive); proximal demonstrative determiner
- 民族
- minzoku — Ethnic group, people, or nationality
- 暮らす
- kurasu — To live, reside, or spend one's daily life
- 土地
- tochi — Land, soil, or territory of a region
- よく
- yoku — Often, well, or closely (adverb)
- 似
- ni — Stem of 'niru': to resemble or be similar
- や
- ya — Listing particle meaning 'and' or 'or'
- 天体
- tentai — Celestial body, heavenly object, or star
- 住処
- sumika — Dwelling, abode, or place of residence
- 空
- sora — Sky, heavens, or air above
- 大地
- daichi — Earth, ground, or vast land surface
- 上
- ue — Above, on top of, or upper part
- 英雄
- eiyū — Hero, champion, or heroic figure
- 上界
- jōkai — Upper world, heavenly realm, or sky world
- 訪れる
- otozureru — To visit, come to, or arrive at a place
- ため
- tame — For the purpose of, in order to, because of
- 昇っ
- nobo(t) — Conjunctive form of 'noboru': to rise or ascend
- いく
- iku — To go; auxiliary indicating ongoing movement away
- 姿
- sugata — Figure, form, appearance, or shape of person
- 木々
- kigi — Trees (plural); various trees in a setting
- 植物
- shokubutsu — Plants, vegetation, or flora in general
- 動物
- dōbutsu — Animal, creature, or living fauna
- ほとんど
- hotondo — Almost, mostly, or nearly all of something
- 今日
- kyō / konnichi — Today or present day; current times
- 知ら
- shira — Stem of 'shiru': to know or be aware of
- もの
- mono — Thing, object, or matter (tangible or abstract)
- 同じ
- onaji — Same, identical, or equal in nature
- 海
- umi — Sea, ocean, or large body of water
- よう
- yō — Appears like, seems, or in the manner of
- 島
- shima — Island or isle
- いくつか
- ikutsuka — Several, a few, or some in number
- たとえ
- tatoe — Even if, for example, or suppose that
- など
- nado — Et cetera, such as, or and so forth
- 言及
- genkyū — Reference, mention, or allusion to something
- 現代
- gendai — Modern times, contemporary era, or today's age
- まったく
- mattaku — Completely, utterly, or not at all (with negation)
- 馴染み
- najimi — Familiarity, acquaintance, or being accustomed to
- ない
- nai — Negative form: not, does not exist, or there isn't
- 地名
- chimei — Place name, geographical name, or toponym
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