Walden, and On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience — Page 8

Vocabulary

南部

nanbu — Southern region or southern part of a place.

の

no — Possessive or attributive particle linking nouns.

監督者

kantokusha — Supervisor, overseer, or person in charge.

を

wo — Direct object particle marking the action's target.

持つ

motsu — To have, hold, or possess something.

こと

koto — Thing, fact, or nominalizer for verb phrases.

は

wa — Topic marker particle indicating the sentence topic.

辛い

tsurai — Painful, hard, or emotionally difficult to bear.

北部

hokubu — Northern region or northern part of a place.

さらに

sara ni — Furthermore, even more, or in addition.

悪い

warui — Bad, wrong, or of poor quality.

しかし

shikashi — However, but; used to introduce a contrasting statement.

自分

jibun — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the self.

自身

jishin — Oneself, itself; emphasizes personal identity or self.

奴隷

dorei — Slave; person forced into servitude without freedom.

追い立て

oitate — To drive away, chase, or compel someone forward.

人

hito — Person, human being, or individual.

と

to — Particle meaning and, with, or quotation marker.

なる

naru — To become; indicates a change of state or role.

とき

toki — Time, moment, or occasion when something occurs.

が

ga — Subject marker particle identifying the grammatical subject.

最も

mottomo — Most; superlative adverb indicating the highest degree.

最悪

saiaku — The worst; most terrible or deplorable situation.

で

de — Particle indicating location, means, or cause.

ある

aru — To be, exist; used for inanimate or abstract existence.

人間

ningen — Human being, mankind, or the human condition.

中

naka — Inside, among, or in the middle of something.

に

ni — Directional or locative particle indicating location or target.

神性

shinsei — Divinity, godliness, or divine nature within beings.

語る

kataru — To speak, narrate, or tell a story.

者

mono / sha — Person, one who; suffix indicating a type of person.

いる

iru — To exist, be present; used for animate beings.

昼夜

chūya — Day and night; around the clock, continuously.

問わず

towazu — Regardless of, without distinction; irrespective of conditions.

市場

shijō / ichiba — Market; place or system for buying and selling.

へ

e — Directional particle indicating movement toward a destination.

向かう

mukau — To head toward, face, or proceed in a direction.

街道

kaidō — Highway, main road, or major travel route.

馬車引き

bashahiki — Coachman, carter; person who drives a horse-drawn vehicle.

見よ

miyo — Look! Behold!; imperative form of to see.

果たして

hatashite — Indeed, as expected, or truly as wondered.

彼

kare — He, him; third-person masculine pronoun.

何らか

nanraka — Some kind of, some sort of; vague quantifier.

動い

ugoi — Moved; conjugated form of ugoku, to move.

て

te — Connective particle linking sequential or causal actions.

だろう

darō — Probably, I wonder; expresses conjecture or supposition.

か

ka — Question particle placed at the end of sentences.

最高

saikō — Highest, supreme, best; the utmost level possible.

義務

gimu — Duty, obligation, or responsibility one must fulfill.

馬

uma — Horse; large domesticated animal used for riding.

飼料

shiryō — Feed, fodder; food given to livestock or animals.

与え

atae — Give, provide; stem form of ataeru, to give.

水

mizu — Water; essential liquid for drinking and living.

飲ませる

nomaseru — To make someone drink; causative form of nomu.

だ

da — Copula; informal form of to be or is.

運送業

unsōgyō — Transportation industry; business of carrying goods or people.

利益

rieki — Profit, benefit, or advantage gained from something.

比べ

kurabe — Compare; stem of kuraberu, to compare or contrast.

運命

unmei — Fate, destiny; predetermined course of one's life.

何

nani / nan — What; interrogative pronoun asking for identification.

あろう

arō — Probably is; volitional or conjectural form of aru.

ため

tame — For the purpose of, for the sake of something.

馬車

basha — Horse-drawn carriage or wagon used for transportation.

走らせ

hashirase — To make run; causative form of hashiru, to run.

せ

se — Causative auxiliary verb suffix; making someone do something.

ない

nai — Not; negative auxiliary indicating absence or negation.

なんと

nanto — How, what a; exclamation expressing surprise or amazement.

神

kami — God, deity, or divine spirit in Japanese belief.

よう

yō — Like, as if; resemblance or manner expression.

不死

fushi — Immortality; state of not dying or being undying.

存在

sonzai — Existence, being; the state of existing or presence.

いかに

ikani — How, in what way; literary adverb of manner.

怯え

obiえ / obiе — Fear, fright; being scared or trembling with terror.

卑屈

hikutsu — Servile, cringing, self-abasing behavior or attitude.

振る舞い

furumai — Behavior, conduct, or manner of acting socially.

一日中

ichinichijū — All day long; throughout the entire day.

漠然と

bakuzen to — Vaguely, hazily; in an unclear or indistinct manner.

し

shi — Connective verb form linking clauses or listing reasons.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary indicating completed action.

恐れ

osore — Fear, dread, or apprehension about something threatening.

抱い

daite / idaite — Held, embraced; past stem of idaku or daku.

も

mo — Also, too, even; inclusive or additive particle.

神聖

shinsei — Holy, sacred, divine; possessing spiritual purity.

なく

naku — Without, not having; connective negative form.

つい

tsui — Unintentionally, inadvertently; doing something without thinking.

自ら

mizukara — By oneself, personally; acting on one's own initiative.

意見

iken — Opinion, view, or personal stance on a matter.

あり

ari — There is, exists; classical or stem form of aru.

囚人

shūjin — Prisoner, inmate; person confined or imprisoned.

行為

kōi — Act, action, deed; a deliberate or intentional behavior.

よっ

yotte — By means of, due to; contracted form of yotte.

得

e / toku — To gain, obtain, or acquire something desired.

名声

meisei — Fame, reputation, or public renown one has earned.

縛ら

shibara — Bound, tied; stem of shibaru, to bind or restrain.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary suffix indicating an action done to subject.

世論

yoron / seron — Public opinion; the collective views of society.

私

watashi — I, me; first-person singular pronoun.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people; we, they, or group.

内なる

uchi naru — Inner, internal; describing something within oneself.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning if or when something occurs.

弱い

yowai — Weak, feeble, or lacking in strength or power.

暴君

bōkun — Tyrant, despot; ruler who exercises power cruelly.

過ぎ

sugi — Too much, excessive; going beyond an appropriate amount.

どう

dō — How, in what way; interrogative adverb of manner.

思う

omou — To think, feel, or believe something about a matter.

それ

sore — That; demonstrative pronoun referring to something nearby.

こそ

koso — Emphatic particle stressing the preceding word or phrase.

決定

kettei — Decision, determination; act of officially deciding something.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.

いや

iya — No, rather; used to correct or contradict a statement.

むしろ

mushiro — Rather, instead; expressing preference or correction.

示す

shimesu — To show, indicate, or demonstrate something clearly.

もの

mono — Thing, object, or nominalizer with nuance of reason.

空想

kūsō — Fantasy, daydream; imaginary thinking disconnected from reality.

想像

sōzō — Imagination, supposition; mentally creating or picturing something.

いう

iu — To say, call, or refer to something as.

植民地

shokuminchi — Colony; territory governed by a foreign power.

おい

oi — Hey; informal exclamation to get someone's attention.

さえ

sae — Even; particle indicating an extreme or unexpected case.

自己

jiko — Self, oneself; referring to one's own identity.

解放

kaihō — Liberation, release, emancipation from restriction or bondage.

果たす

hatasu — To accomplish, fulfill, or carry out a goal.

成し遂げる

nashiTogeru — To achieve, accomplish; to successfully complete a difficult task.

どこ

doko — Where; interrogative pronoun asking about a location.

また

mata — Again, also, or moreover; additive or iterative adverb.

最後

saigo — Last, final; the very end of something.

日

hi / nichi — Day, sun; unit of time or the sun itself.

備え

sonae — Preparation, readiness; being equipped for future events.

編み

ami — Knitting, weaving; act of crafting fabric by interlacing.

ながら

nagara — While doing; conjunctive expressing simultaneous actions.

関心

kanshin — Interest, concern; attention or care toward something.

あまり

amari — Too much, not very; degree adverb with negatives.

露わ

arawa — Exposed, revealed, bare; something made openly visible.

まい

mai — Probably not, I won't; negative volitional expression.

この

kono — This; demonstrative adjective for nearby objects or topics.

国

kuni — Country, nation, or homeland.

婦人

fujin — Lady, woman; a polite or formal word for women.

考えよ

kangaeyo — Think! Consider!; imperative form of to think.

まるで

marude — Just like, as if; used to draw vivid comparisons.

永遠

eien — Eternity, forever; an infinite or endless span of time.

傷つける

kizutsukeru — To hurt, wound, or damage someone physically or emotionally.

時間

jikan — Time, hours; a measured period or duration.

無駄

muda — Waste, futile; something without purpose or useful outcome.

でき

deki — Can do, be able to; stem of dekiru, to be possible.

る

ru — Verb ending for present or future tense in Japanese.

大多数

daitasū — Great majority; the largest portion of a group.

人々

hitobito — People, folks; plural form referring to multiple persons.

静か

shizuka — Quiet, calm, peaceful; free from noise or disturbance.

な

na — Adjectival ending linking na-adjectives to nouns.

絶望

zetsubō — Despair, hopelessness; complete loss of hope or expectation.

生き

iki — Living; stem form of ikiru, to live or survive.

諦め

akirame — Resignation, giving up; accepting that something is impossible.

呼ば

yoba — Called, named; stem of yobu, to call or summon.

れる

reru — Passive voice auxiliary; indicates action done to subject.

確固たる

kakko taru — Firm, steadfast, resolute; unwavering in belief or purpose.

他

hoka / ta — Other, another; something or someone different or else.

なら

nara — If it is the case; conditional expressing supposition.

都市

toshi — City, urban area; a large populated municipality.

から

kara — From, because; indicates origin, starting point, or reason.

田舎

inaka — Countryside, rural area; region away from cities.

向かい

mukai — Facing, opposite; direction or position across from something.

や

ya — And, or; particle listing multiple items loosely.

勇敢

yūkan — Brave, courageous; showing boldness in difficult situations.

さ

sa — Suffix nominalizing adjectives; the quality or degree of something.

慰める

nagusameru — To comfort, console, or soothe someone who is distressed.

しか

shika — Only, nothing but; used with negatives to mean exclusively.